Cyber AB CMMC-CCP Certified CMMC Professional (CCP) Exam Exam Practice Test

Understanding Federal Contract Information (FCI)Federal Contract Information (FCI) is defined by48 CFR 52.204-21(Basic Safeguarding of Covered Contractor Information Systems). FCI refers to information that:

Is NOT intended for public release.

Is provided by or generated for the government under a contract.

Is necessary to develop or deliver a product or service to the government.

Excludes publicly available government information(such as information on public websites).

Excludes simple transactional information(e.g., necessary to process payments).

In the context ofCMMC 2.0, organizations thatprocess, store, or transmit FCImust meetCMMC Level 1 (Foundational), which requires implementing17 basic safeguarding practicesoutlined inFAR 52.204-21.

A. CDI (Controlled Defense Information)→ Incorrect

This term was used inDFARS 252.204-7012but has been replaced byCUI (Controlled Unclassified Information)in CMMC discussions.

B. CTI (Cyber Threat Intelligence)→ Incorrect

This refers to intelligence on cyber threats, tactics, and indicators, not contractual data.

C. CUI (Controlled Unclassified Information)→ Incorrect

CUI is sensitive information requiring additional safeguarding but is a separate category from FCI.

D. FCI (Federal Contract Information)→Correct

The definition of FCI explicitly matches the description given in the question.

Why is the Correct Answer FCI (D)?

FAR 52.204-21 (Basic Safeguarding of Covered Contractor Information Systems)

Defines FCI and the required safeguards.

Establishes17 cybersecurity practicesfor FCI protection.

CMMC 2.0 Framework

Level 1 (Foundational)is required for contractors handlingFCI.

Ensures compliance withbasic safeguarding requirementsoutlined inFAR 52.204-21.

NIST SP 800-171 and DFARS 252.204-7012

FCI doesnotrequire compliance withNIST SP 800-171, butCUI does.

CMMC 2.0 References Supporting this Answer:

Understanding Specialized Assets in a CMMC Self-AssessmentDuringCMMC Level 1 Self-Assessments, organizations must classify theirassetsin theSystem Security Plan (SSP).

Operational Technology (OT)includesmachine controllers, industrial control systems (ICS), and assembly machines.

Thesesystems control physical processesin manufacturing, energy, and industrial environments.

OT assets are distinct from traditional IT systemsbecause they haveunique security considerations(e.g., real-time control, legacy system constraints).

Specialized Asset Type: Operational Technology (OT)

A. IoT (Internet of Things) → Incorrect

IoT devicesinclude smart home systems, connected sensors, and networked appliances, butmachine controllers and assembly machines fall under OT, not IoT.

B. Restricted IS → Incorrect

Restricted Information Systems (IS) refer to classified or highly controlled systems, whichdoes not apply to standard industrial machines.

C. Test Equipment → Incorrect

Test equipment includes diagnostic tools or measurement devicesused forquality assurance, not industrial machine controllers.

D. Operational Technology → Correct

Machine controllers and assembly machinesare part ofindustrial automation and control systems, which are classified asOperational Technology (OT).

Why is the Correct Answer "D. Operational Technology"?

CMMC Scoping Guidance for Level 1 & Level 2 Assessments

DefinesOperational Technology (OT) as a category of Specialized Assetsthat requirespecific security considerations.

NIST SP 800-82 (Guide to Industrial Control Systems Security)

Identifiesmachine controllers and assembly machinesas part ofOperational Technology (OT).

CMMC 2.0 Asset Classification Guidelines

Specifies thatOT systems should be documented separately in an organization's SSP.

CMMC 2.0 References Supporting This Answer:

1. Understanding Basic Safeguarding Requirements for FCI in CMMC Level 1

Federal Contract Information (FCI) is defined as information provided by or generated for the government under a contract that isnot intended for public release.

CMMCLevel 1is designed to ensurebasic safeguardingof FCI, aligning with15 security requirementsfound inFAR 52.204-21 (Basic Safeguarding of Covered Contractor Information Systems).

Contractors handlingonly FCImust meetCMMC Level 1, which alignsdirectlywith the safeguarding requirements set inFAR 52.204-21.

2. FAR 52.204-21 and Its Role in CMMC Level 1 Compliance

FAR 52.204-21establishes the baseline cybersecurity controls that contractors must implement to protectFCI.

The15 basic safeguarding requirementsinclude:

Limiting information accessto authorized users.

Identifying and authenticating usersbefore allowing system access.

Protecting transmitted FCIfrom unauthorized disclosure.

Monitoring and controlling connectionsto external systems.

Applying boundary protectionand cybersecurity measures.

Sanitizing mediabefore disposal.

Updating security configurationsto reduce vulnerabilities.

Providing physical securityprotections.

Controlling physical accessto systems that process FCI.

Enforcing multi-factor authentication (MFA) where applicable.

Patching vulnerabilitiesin software and hardware.

Limiting the use of removable media.

Creating and retaining system audit logs.

Performing risk-based security assessments.

Developing an incident response plan.

These 15 practices form thefoundationof CMMCLevel 1 Self-Assessment, ensuring contractorsmeet minimum cybersecurity expectationsfor handling FCI.

3. Why the Other Options Are Incorrect

B. 22 CFR 120-130:

This refers toInternational Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR), which controls the export of defense-related articles and services,notFCI safeguarding requirements.

C. DFARS 252.204-7011:

This clause refers toalternative line item structuresand does not pertain to cybersecurity or safeguarding FCI.

D. DFARS 252.204-7021:

This clause enforcesCMMC requirementsbut doesnot definebasic safeguarding controls. It requires compliance with CMMC but does not specify the foundational requirements (which come fromFAR 52.204-21for Level 1).

4. Official CMMC 2.0 Reference & Study Guide Alignment

TheCMMC 2.0 model documentationconfirms that Level 1 is focused on the15 practices from FAR 52.204-21.

TheDoD’s official CMMC Assessment Guidefor Level 1 explicitly states that meeting FAR 52.204-21 is therequirement for passing a Level 1 Self-Assessment.

TheCMMC 2.0 Scoping Guideclarifies that contractors handling onlyFCIand seekingLevel 1 certificationmust implementonly FAR 52.204-21security controls.

Final Confirmation:The correct answer isA. FAR 52.204-21, as it directly governs the basic safeguarding ofFCIand is the foundational requirement for aLevel 1 Self-Assessmentin CMMC 2.0.

The Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification (CMMC) Level 2 is designed to ensure that organizations can adequately protect Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI). To achieve this, CMMC Level 2 incorporates specific security requirements.

Step-by-Step Explanation:

Alignment with NIST SP 800-171:

CMMC Level 2 aligns directly with the security requirements outlined in the National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 800-171 (NIST SP 800-171). This publication, titled "Protecting Controlled Unclassified Information in Nonfederal Systems and Organizations," provides a comprehensive framework for safeguarding CUI.

Incorporation of Security Requirements:

The practices required for CMMC Level 2 certification encompass all 110 security requirements specified in NIST SP 800-171. These requirements are organized into 14 families, each addressing different aspects of cybersecurity, such as access control, incident response, and risk assessment.

Purpose of Alignment:

By integrating the NIST SP 800-171 requirements, CMMC Level 2 aims to standardize the implementation of cybersecurity practices across organizations handling CUI, ensuring a consistent and robust approach to protecting sensitive information.

Understanding the CMMC Readiness Review ProcessALead Assessorconducting aCMMC Readiness Reviewevaluates whether anOrganization Seeking Certification (OSC)is prepared for a formal assessment.

After recording theassessment risk statusandoverall assessment feasibility, theminimum remaining criteriato be verified include:

Logistics Planning– Ensuring that the assessment timeline, locations, and necessary resources are in place.

Assessment Team Preparation– Confirming that assessors and required personnel are available and briefed.

Evidence Readiness– Ensuring the OSC has gathered all required artifacts and documentation for review.

Breakdown of Answer ChoicesOption

Description

Correct?

A. Determine the practice pass/fail results.

Happensduringthe formal assessment, not the readiness review.

❌Incorrect

B. Determine the preliminary recommended findings.

Findings are only madeafterthe full assessment.

❌Incorrect

C. Determine the initial model practice ratings and record them.

Ratings are assigned during theassessment, not readiness review.

❌Incorrect

D. Determine the logistics, Assessment Team, and the evidence readiness.

✅Essential readiness criteria that must be confirmedbeforeassessment starts.

✅Correct

TheCMMC Assessment Process Guide (CAP)states that readiness review ensureslogistics, assessment team availability, and evidence readinessare verified.

Official Reference from CMMC 2.0 DocumentationFinal Verification and ConclusionThe correct answer isD. Determine the logistics, Assessment Team, and the evidence readiness.This aligns withCMMC readiness review requirements.

Theprimary goal of CMMC assessment proceduresis to determine whether anOrganization Seeking Certification (OSC)complies with the cybersecurity controls required for its certification level. Themost common purpose of assessment procedures is to obtain evidencethat verifies an organization has properly implemented security practices.

CMMC Assessments Require Evidence Collection

TheCMMC Assessment Process (CAP) Guideoutlines that assessors must use three methods to verify compliance:

Examine– Reviewing documentation, policies, and system configurations.

Interview– Speaking with personnel to confirm understanding and execution.

Test– Validating controls through operational or technical tests.

All these methods involve obtaining evidenceto support whether a security requirement has been met.

Alignment with NIST SP 800-171A

CMMC Level 2 assessments follow NIST SP 800-171A, which is designed for evidence-based verification.

Assessors rely on documented artifacts, system logs, configurations, and personnel testimony as evidence of compliance.

B. Define level of effort (Incorrect)

Thelevel of effortrefers to the time and resources needed for an assessment, but this is aplanningactivity, not the primary goal of an assessment.

C. Determine information flow (Incorrect)

While understandinginformation flowis important for security controls likedata protection and access control, themain purpose of an assessment is to gather evidence—not to determine information flow itself.

D. Determine value of hardware and software (Incorrect)

Asset valuation may be part of an organization’s risk management process, but CMMC assessmentsdo not focus on determining hardware or software value.

The correct answer isA. Obtain evidence, as theCMMC assessment process is evidence-drivento verify compliance with security controls.

Federal Contract Information (FCI)is any informationnot intended for public releasethat is provided or generated under aU.S. Government contracttodevelop or deliver a product or service.

Enhanced Security Personnel (ESP)refers to employees, contractors, or third parties whohave access to FCIwithin anOrganization Seeking Certification (OSC).

UnderCMMC 2.0 Scoping Guidance, anypersonnel, system, or asset with access to FCI is considered in scopefor a CMMC Level 1 assessment.

Since theESP employee has access to FCI, theymustbe included in the assessment scope.

Option B (Out of scope)is incorrect because anyone with access to FCI is automatically considered part of theCMMC Level 1 boundary.

Option C (OSC point of contact)is incorrect because thepoint of contactis typically an administrative or compliance representative, not necessarily someone with FCI access.

Option D (Assessment Team Member)is incorrect because anESP employee is not part of the assessment team but rather a subject of the assessment.

CMMC Level 1 Scoping Guide, Section 2 – Defining Scope for FCI

CMMC Assessment Process (CAP) Guide – Roles and Responsibilities

Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) 52.204-21(Basic Safeguarding of FCI)

Understanding Scoping in CMMC Level 1 Self-AssessmentsWhy Option A (In scope) is CorrectOfficial CMMC Documentation ReferencesFinal VerificationSince theESP employee has access to FCI, they are consideredin scopefor the CMMC Level 1 self-assessment, makingOption A the correct answer.

Understanding the “Verify Evidence and Record Gaps” Activity in a CMMC AssessmentDuring aCMMC Level 2 Assessment, theAssessment Teamfollows a structured methodology toverify evidenceand determine whether theOrganization Seeking Certification (OSC)has met all required practices. One of the key activities in this process is"Verify Evidence and Record Gaps", which ensures that the assessment findings accurately reflect any missing or inadequate compliance evidence.

Step-by-Step Breakdown:✅1. Primary Intent: Identifying Gaps Between Required and Collected Evidence

TheAssessment Teamcompares the evidence provided by the OSC against theCMMC practice requirements.

If evidence ismissing, insufficient, or inconsistent, assessors mustdocument the gapand describe what is lacking.

This ensures that compliance deficiencies are clearly identified, allowing the OSC to understand what must be corrected.

✅2. How This Process Works in a CMMC Assessment

Assessorsreview collected documentation, system configurations, policies, and interview responses.

They verify that the evidencematches the expected implementationof a practice.

If gaps exist, they arerecordedfor discussion and potential remediation before assessment completion.

✅3. Why the Other Answer Choices Are Incorrect:

(A) Map test and demonstration responses to CMMC practices.❌

Incorrect:While mapping evidence to CMMC practices is part of the assessment, theprimary intentof the "Verify Evidence and Record Gaps" step is toidentify deficiencies, not just mapping responses.

(B) Conduct interviews to test process implementation knowledge.❌

Incorrect:Interviews are a method used during evidence collection, but they arenot the primary focusof the verification and gap analysis step.

(C) Determine the one-to-one relationship between a practice and an assessment object.❌

Incorrect:The assessment teamreviews multiple sources of evidencefor each practice, and some practices require multiple assessment objects. The goal isnot a strict one-to-one mappingbut rathera holistic validation of compliance.

Final Validation from CMMC Documentation:TheCMMC Assessment Process Guidestates that"Verify Evidence and Record Gaps"is the step where assessorscompare expected evidence against what has been provided and document discrepancies. This ensurestransparent assessment findings and remediation planning.

Thus, the correct answer is:

D. Identify and describe differences between what the Assessment Team required and the evidence collected.

Step 1: Define CUI (Controlled Unclassified Information)CUI is information thatrequires safeguarding or dissemination controlspursuant to and consistent with applicable law, regulations, and government-wide policies, butis not classifiedunder Executive Order 13526 or the Atomic Energy Act.

✅Step 2: Authority over CUI — NARA’s RoleNARA – National Archives and Records Administration, specifically theInformation Security Oversight Office (ISOO), is thegovernment-wide executive agentresponsible for implementing the CUI program.

Source:

32 CFR Part 2002 – Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI)

Executive Order 13556 – Controlled Unclassified Information

CUI Registry – https://www.archives.gov/cui

NARA:

Maintains theCUI Registry,

Issuesmarking and handling guidance,

DefinesCUI categoriesand their authority under law or regulation,

Trains and informs Federal agencies and contractors on CUI policy.

B. NIST✘ NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) developstechnical standards(e.g., SP 800-171), but it doesnot define or mark CUI. It helps secure CUI once it’s identified.

C. CMMC-AB (now Cyber AB)✘ The Cyber AB is theCMMC ecosystem’s accreditation body, not a government agency, and hasno authority over CUI classification or marking.

D. Department of Homeland Security (DHS)✘ While DHS mayhandle and protect CUI internally, it is not the executive agent for the CUI program.

❌Why the Other Options Are Incorrect

NARAis theofficial U.S. government authorityresponsible for defining, categorizing, and marking CUI via theCUI Registryand associated policies underExecutive Order 13556.

Under theCMMC Assessment Process (CAP)andCMMC 2.0 guidelines, assessors must gather objective evidence to validate that an organization meets the required security practices and processes. This evidence collection is performed throughthree primary assessment methods:

Examination– Reviewing documents, records, system configurations, and other artifacts.

Interviews– Speaking with personnel to verify processes, responsibilities, and understanding of security controls.

Testing– Observing system behavior, performing technical validation, and executing controls in real-time to verify effectiveness.

TheCMMC Assessment Process (CAP)states that an assessor must use acombinationof evidence-gathering methods (examinations, interviews, and tests) to determine compliance.

CMMC 2.0 Level 2(Aligned withNIST SP 800-171) requires assessors to verify not only that policies and procedures exist but also that they are implemented and effective.

Solely relying ononemethod (like interviews in Option A) is insufficient.

Testing all practices or objectives (Option B)is unnecessary, as assessors followscoping guidanceto determine which objectives need deeper examination.

Testing only "certain" objectives (Option C)does not fully align with the requirement of gatheringsufficient evidencefrom multiple methods.

CMMC Assessment Process (CAP) Guide, Section 3.5 – Assessment Methodsexplicitly defines the use of examinations, interviews, and tests as the foundation of an effective assessment.

CMMC 2.0 Level 2 Practices and NIST SP 800-171require assessors to validate the presence, implementation, and effectiveness of security controls.

CMMC Appendix E: Assessment Proceduresstates that an assessor should use multiple sources of evidence to determine compliance.

Why Option D is CorrectCMMC 2.0 and Official Documentation ReferencesFinal VerificationTo ensure compliance withCMMC 2.0 guidelines and official documentation, an assessor must useexaminations, interviews, and teststo gather evidence effectively, makingOption D the correct answer.

Understanding IA.L2-3.5.3: Multifactor Authentication (MFA) RequirementTheIA.L2-3.5.3practice, derived fromNIST SP 800-171 (Requirement 3.5.3), requires thatmultifactor authentication (MFA) be implemented for both privileged and standard userswhen accessing:

✔Organizational endpoints(e.g., laptops, desktops, mobile devices).

✔Network resources(e.g., VPNs, internal systems).

✔Cloud services containing Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI).

Key Requirement for a "MET" RatingFor IA.L2-3.5.3 to beMet, the organization must:

Require MFA for all privileged users(e.g., system administrators).

Require MFA for standard users accessing endpoints and network resources.

Implement MFA across all relevant systems.

Sincestandard users do not require MFA in the OSC’s current implementation, the practiceis not fully implementedand must be ratedNOT MET.

A. The process is running correctly → Incorrect

MFA isonly applied to privileged users, but it isalso required for standard users. The process isnot fully implemented.

B. It is out of scope as this is a new acquisition → Incorrect

New acquisitionsmust still meet MFA requirementsif they handle CUI or network access.

C. The new acquisition is considered Specialized Assets → Incorrect

Specialized assets (e.g., IoT, legacy systems) may have alternative security controls, but standard users and endpointsmust still comply with MFA.

D. Practice is NOT MET since the objective was not implemented → Correct

MFA must be enabled for both privileged and standard usersaccessing endpoints and network resources. Since standard users are excluded, the practice isNOT MET.

Why is the Correct Answer "D" (Practice is NOT MET since the objective was not implemented)?

CMMC 2.0 Level 2 (Advanced) Requirements

Specifies thatMFA must be applied to all users accessing CUI and network resources.

NIST SP 800-171 (Requirement 3.5.3 – MFA Implementation)

Requires MFA forall user types, including privileged and standard users.

CMMC Assessment Process (CAP) Document

States that a practicemust be fully implemented to be considered MET. Partial implementation meansNOT MET.

CMMC 2.0 References Supporting This Answer:

Understanding the CMMC Assessment Process (CAP) PhasesTheCMMC Assessment Process (CAP)consists ofthree primary phases:

Phase 1 - Planning(Pre-assessment activities)

Phase 2 - Conducting the Assessment(Evidence collection and analysis)

Phase 3 - Reporting and Finalizing Results

DuringPhase 3, the Assessment Teamreviews evidenceto confirm if anyLimited Practice Deficiency Correctionshave been successfully implemented.

Scoring Practices in Phase 3The CAP document specifies that a practice can bescored as METif:

✅The deficiency identified in Phase 2 has been fully corrected before final scoring.

✅Sufficient evidence is provided to demonstrate compliance with the CMMC requirement.

✅The correction is notmerely plannedbutfully implemented and validatedby the assessors.

Since the evidence shows thatdeficiencies have been corrected, the correct score isMET.

B. POA&M (Plan of Action & Milestones)❌Incorrect. APOA&M (Plan of Action and Milestones)is usedonly when a deficiency remains unresolved. Since the deficiency is already corrected, this option does not apply.

C. NOT MET❌Incorrect. A practice is scoredNOT METonly if the deficiency hasnotbeen corrected by the end of the assessment.

D. NOT APPLICABLE❌Incorrect. A practice is markedNOT APPLICABLE (N/A)only if it doesnot apply to the organization’s environment, which is not the case here.

Why the Other Answers Are Incorrect

CMMC Assessment Process (CAP) Document– Defines scoring criteria for MET, NOT MET, and POA&M.

CMMC Official ReferencesThus,option A (MET) is the correct answer, as the deficiencies have been corrected before final scoring.

CMMC 2.0 Level 2 is directly aligned withNIST Special Publication (SP) 800-171, "Protecting Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI) in Nonfederal Systems and Organizations."Organizations seeking certification (OSC) at Level 2 must demonstrate compliance with the 110 security requirements specified inNIST SP 800-171, as mandated byDFARS 252.204-7012.

Defines the Security Requirements for Protecting CUI:

NIST SP 800-171 outlines 110 security controls that contractors must implement to protectControlled Unclassified Information (CUI)in nonfederal systems.

These controls are categorized under14 families, including access control, incident response, and risk management.

Establishes the Baseline for CMMC Level 2 Compliance:

CMMC 2.0 Level 2 assessments areentirely based on NIST SP 800-171requirements.

Every practice assessed in a Level 2 certification maps directly to a requirement fromNIST SP 800-171 Rev. 2.

Provides Guidance for Implementation & Assessment:

TheNIST SP 800-171A "Assessment Guide"provides detailed assessment objectives that guide OSCs in preparing for CMMC evaluations.

It helps define the scope of an assessment by clarifying how each control should be implemented and verified.

Referenced in CMMC and DFARS Regulations:

DFARS 252.204-7012requires contractors to implementNIST SP 800-171security requirements.

TheCMMC 2.0 Level 2modeldirectly incorporates all 110 requirementsfromNIST SP 800-171, ensuring consistency with DoD cybersecurity expectations.

A. NIST SP 800-53 ("Security and Privacy Controls for Federal Information Systems and Organizations")

This documentapplies to federal systems, not nonfederal entities handling CUI.

While it is the foundation for other security standards, it isnot the basis of CMMC Level 2assessments.

B. NIST SP 800-88 ("Guidelines for Media Sanitization")

This documentfocuses on secure data destructionand media sanitization techniques.

While data disposal is important, this standarddoes not define security controls for protecting CUI.

D. NIST SP 800-172 ("Enhanced Security Requirements for Protecting CUI")

This documentbuilds on NIST SP 800-171and applies to systems needingadvanced cybersecurity protections(e.g., targeting Advanced Persistent Threats).

It isnot required for standard CMMC Level 2 assessments, which only mandateNIST SP 800-171 compliance.

NIST SP 800-171 Rev. 2(NIST Official Site)

NIST SP 800-171A (Assessment Guide)(NIST Official Site)

CMMC 2.0 Level 2 Scoping Guide(Cyber AB)

Why NIST SP 800-171 is Essential for Level 2 Scoping:Explanation of Incorrect Answers:Key References for CMMC Level 2 Scoping:Conclusion:SinceCMMC 2.0 Level 2 assessments are based entirely on NIST SP 800-171, this document is the most relevant resource for scoping Level 2 assessments. Therefore, the correct answer is:

✅C. NIST SP 800-171

Understanding Asset Types in CMMC 2.0In CMMC 2.0, assets are categorized based on their role in handlingFederal Contract Information (FCI)orControlled Unclassified Information (CUI). TheCybersecurity Maturity Model Certification (CMMC) Scoping GuidanceforLevel 1andLevel 2provides asset definitions to help organizations identify what needs protection.

According toCMMC Scoping Guidance, there are five primary asset types:

Security Protection Assets (ESP - External Service Providers & Security Systems)

People (Personnel who interact with FCI/CUI)

Facilities (Physical locations housing FCI/CUI)

Technology (Hardware, software, and networks that store, process, or transmit FCI/CUI)

CUI Assets (For Level 2 assessments, assets specifically storing CUI)

Why "Technology" Is the Correct AnswerThe IT manager is evaluatingservers, laptops, databases, and applications—all of which aretechnology assetsused to store, process, or transmit FCI.

According toCMMC Scoping Guidance,Technology assetsinclude:

✅Endpoints(Laptops, Workstations, Mobile Devices)

✅Servers(On-premise or cloud-based)

✅Networking Devices(Routers, Firewalls, Switches)

✅Applications(Software, Cloud-based tools)

✅Databases(Storage of FCI or CUI)

Since the IT manager is focusing on these components, the correct asset category isTechnology (Option D).

A. ESP (Security Protection Assets)❌Incorrect. ESPs refer tosecurity-related assets(e.g., firewalls, monitoring tools, managed security services) thathelp protectFCI/CUI but do notstore, process, or transmitit directly.

B. People❌Incorrect. While employees play a role in handling FCI, the question focuses onhardware and software—which falls underTechnology, not People.

C. Facilities❌Incorrect. Facilities refer tophysical buildingsor secured areas where FCI/CUI is stored or processed. The question explicitly mentionsservers, laptops, and applications, which arenot physical facilities.

Why the Other Answers Are Incorrect

CMMC Level 1 Scoping Guide (CMMC-AB)– Defines asset categories, including Technology.

CMMC 2.0 Scoping Guidance for Assessors– Provides clarification on FCI assets.

CMMC Official ReferencesThus,option D (Technology) is the most correct choiceas per official CMMC 2.0 guidance.

Understanding NIST SP 800-88 Rev. 1 and Media SanitizationTheNIST Special Publication (SP) 800-88 Revision 1, Guidelines for Media Sanitization, provides guidance onsecure disposalof data from various types of storage media to prevent unauthorized access or recovery.

Clear

Useslogical techniquesto remove data from media, making it difficult to recover usingstandard system functions.

Example:Overwriting all datawith binary zeros or ones on a hard drive.

Applies to:Magnetic media, solid-state drives (SSD), and non-volatile memorywhen the media isreused within the same security environment.

Purge

Usesadvanced techniquesto make data recoveryinfeasible, even with forensic tools.

Example:Degaussinga magnetic hard drive orcryptographic erasure(deleting encryption keys).

Applies to:Media that is leaving organizational control or requires a higher level of assurance than "Clear".

Destroy

Physicallydamages the mediaso that data recovery isimpossible.

Example:Shredding, incinerating, pulverizing, or disintegratingstorage devices.

Applies to:Highly sensitive data that must be permanently eliminated.

B. Clear, Redact, Destroy (Incorrect)– "Redact" is a term used for document sanitization,notdata disposal.

C. Clear, Overwrite, Purge (Incorrect)– "Overwrite" is a method within "Clear," but it isnot a top-level categoryin NIST SP 800-88.

D. Clear, Overwrite, Destroy (Incorrect)– "Overwrite" is a sub-method of "Clear," but "Purge" is missing, making this incorrect.

The correct answer isA. Clear, Purge, Destroy, as these are thethree official categoriesof data disposal inNIST SP 800-88 Revision 1.

AC3PAO (Certified Third-Party Assessment Organization)is responsible for conductingCMMC Level 2 assessments.

After completing theassessment, theC3PAO generates the Final Recommended Assessment Results, which include key documentation reviewed by theCMMC Quality Assurance Professional (CQAP)for quality control.

Understanding Evidence Sufficiency in CMMC Level 2 AssessmentsDuring aCMMC Level 2 Assessment, theLead Assessormust determine whether the evidence collected for each practice issufficientto support an assessment finding. This aligns with theCMMC Assessment Process (CAP) Guide, which requires assessors to evaluate:

Examinations– Reviewing documents, configurations, and system records.

Interviews– Speaking with personnel to confirm implementation and understanding.

Testing– Observing security controls in action to validate effectiveness.

To determine whether evidence issufficient, the assessor ensures that it:

Directly supports the assessment objective.

Demonstrates that the practice is consistently implemented.

Can be independently verified.

Sufficiencyrefers to whetherenoughevidence has been collected to make an accurate determination about compliance.

Option A (Adequacy)is incorrect because adequacy relates tothe qualityof evidence, while sufficiency focuses on whetherenoughevidence exists.

Option C (Process Mapping)is incorrect because process mapping is used for understanding workflows but is not an assessment verification method.

Option D (Assessment Scope)is incorrect because defining the scope happensbeforeevidence collection, during the planning phase.

CMMC Assessment Process (CAP) Guide – Section 3.6 (Determining Sufficiency of Evidence)

CMMC Level 2 Assessment Guide – Evidence Collection and Evaluation

Why Option B (Sufficiency) is CorrectOfficial CMMC Documentation ReferencesFinal VerificationSince theLead Assessor is ensuring enough evidence is available to verify compliance, the correct answer isOption B: Sufficiency.

TheLimited Practice Deficiency Correction Evaluationprocess occurs when anOrganization Seeking Certification (OSC)has undergone aCMMC Level 2 Assessmentby aCertified Third-Party Assessment Organization (C3PAO)and hasunresolved deficienciesin some security practices.

According toCMMC 2.0 policy and DFARS 252.204-7021, OSCs can still achieveInterim Certificationif they meet theminimum thresholdof security practices while addressing deficiencies through aPlan of Action & Milestones (POA&M).

TheCMMC 2.0 Interim Rulestates that an OSCmust meet at least 100 out of 110 practicesto qualify for aPOA&M-based remediation.

A maximum of 10 practices can be listed in the POA&Mfor later correction.

Failure to meet at least 100 practices results in failing the assessment outright, requiring a full reassessment after remediation.

The Lead Assessor can recommend POA&M placementonly if the OSC meets at least 100 practices.

Less than 100 practices scored as MET means the OSC does not qualify for a POA&Mand mustretest completely.

DFARS 252.204-7021 and CMMC 2.0 policiesconfirm the100-practice thresholdfor conditional certification.

A. 80 practices (Incorrect)– Falls well below the 100-practice requirement.

B. 88 practices (Incorrect)– Still below the POA&M eligibility threshold.

D. 110 practices (Incorrect)– While meeting 110 practices would be ideal,CMMC allows a POA&M option at 100 practices.

The correct answer isC. 100 practices, as this meets theminimum threshold for POA&M-based Interim Certification.

Does a File Cabinet Containing Paper FCI Fall Within CMMC Scope?CMMConly applies to digital systems and assetsthatprocess, store, or transmitFederal Contract Information (FCI)andControlled Unclassified Information (CUI).Physical storage (such as paper documents) is not included in CMMC scoping.

Step-by-Step Breakdown:✅1. CMMC Scope Covers Only Digital Systems and Assets

According to theCMMC Scoping Guide (Level 1),only digital assetsthat handleFCIarein scopefor aLevel 1 Self-Assessment.

Afile cabinetisnot a digital system; therefore, it isnot in scopefor CMMC compliance.

✅2. Why the Other Answer Choices Are Incorrect:

(A) In scope, because it is an asset that stores FCI❌

Incorrect:While the file cabinetdoes store FCI,CMMC only applies to digital systems.

(B) In scope, because it is part of the same physical location❌

Incorrect:CMMCdoes notconsiderphysical proximitywhen determining scope—only digital data handling matters.

(D) Out of scope, because it does not process or transmit FCI❌

Partially correct, but incomplete: Themain reasonit is out of scope is that itcontains only paper documents, not that it doesn’t process/transmit data.

TheCMMC Level 1 Scoping Guideexplicitly states thatpaper-based storage of FCI does not fall within scope.

Final Validation from CMMC Documentation:Thus, the correct answer is:

✅C. Out of scope, because they are all only paper documents.

Background on Legacy Markings and CUI

Legacy markings refer to classification labels used before the implementation of theControlled Unclassified Information (CUI) ProgramunderDoD Instruction 5200.48.

Documents with legacy markings (such as “For Official Use Only” (FOUO) or “Sensitive But Unclassified” (SBU)) must be reviewed for re-marking or redaction to align withCUI requirements.

When Must Legacy Markings Be Updated?

If the document is retained internally (Answer A - Incorrect): Documents under DoD control do not require immediate re-marking unless they are being shared externally.

If the document is classified as Secret (Answer B - Incorrect): This question is aboutCUI, not classified information. Secret-level documents follow different marking rules underDoD Manual 5200.01.

If a document is being shared externally (Answer C - Correct):

According toDoD Instruction 5200.48, Section 3.6(a), organizations mustreview legacy markings before sharing documents outside the organization.

The document must bere-markedin compliance with the CUI Program before dissemination.

If the original document does not contain CUI (Answer D - Incorrect): The original source document's status does not affect the requirement to re-mark a derivative document if it contains CUI.

Conclusion

The correct answer isC: Documents with legacy markings must bere-marked or redacted when being shared outside the organizationto comply with DoD CUI guidelines.

ThePhysical Protection (PE) domaininCMMC 2.0 Level 1includes the requirementPE.L1-3.10.3, which mandates that organizationsescort visitors and monitor their activity.

TheCMMC Assessment Teamarrives at the OSC.

Thereceptionist acknowledges their arrival but does not verify credentials or escort themto the appropriate location.

Failing to verify visitor identity and failing to escort them is a violation of PE.L1-3.10.3.

A. PE.L1-3.10.3: Escort visitors and monitor visitor activity→✅Correct

This requirement ensures that visitorsdo not have unsupervised access to sensitive areas.

The receptionistshould have checked credentials and escorted the assessment team.

B. PE.L1-3.10.5: Control and manage physical access devices→❌Incorrect

This requirement refers to managingkeys, access badges, and security devices, which isnot the issue in this scenario.

C. PS.L2-3.9.1: Screen individuals prior to authorizing access to organizational systems containing CUI→❌Incorrect

This control applies to personnel screeningsbefore granting access to CUI systems, not physical visitor access.

D. PS.L2-3.9.2: Ensure that organizational systems containing CUI are protected during and after personnel actions such as terminations and transfers→❌Incorrect

This requirement deals withoffboarding employees and ensuring they no longer have system access. It isnot relevant to visitor escorting.

CMMC 2.0 Level 1 - PE.L1-3.10.3 (Physical Protection)

Requires organizations toescort visitors and monitor visitor activityat facilities containingFCI or CUI.

NIST SP 800-171 Rev. 2, Control 3.10.3

States thatvisitors must be escorted and monitored at all timesto prevent unauthorized access.

Breaking Down the Scenario:Analysis of the Given Options:Official References Supporting the Correct Answer:Conclusion:Since the receptionist failed to verify credentials and escort the visitors, this violatesPE.L1-3.10.3.

✅Correct Answer: A. PE.L1-3.10.3: Escort visitors and monitor visitor activity

CMMC Level 2 Readiness and Certification RequirementsCMMCLevel 2is required forOrganizations Seeking Certification (OSCs) that handle Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI)and aligns withNIST SP 800-171's 110 security controls.

Key Readiness Indicators for a Level 2 Assessment:

The OSC must have implemented all 110 security practices from NIST SP 800-171.

Documented and validated cybersecurity policies and procedures must exist.

The OSC must be prepared to provide objective evidence (artifacts) proving compliance.

Why the OSC in the Question is Not Ready:

They have not won a DoD contract yet→ This means they do not yet have a contractually definedCUI environment, which is the foundation for defining their security scope.

They have only provided FCI-related artifacts(e.g., visitor logs, workstation policies, FedRAMP configurations).

Lack of full documentation of CMMC Level 2 controls→ The assessment requiresevidence for all 110 security practices(e.g., system security plans, incident response records, security awareness training documentation).

A. "Ready because there is no need to certify this company until after they win a DoD contract."

Incorrect→ Some organizationsseek certification proactivelybefore winning contracts. However, readiness depends on implementingall 110 required controls, not contract status alone.

B. "Not ready because the OSC is not on contract because they do not know the scope of FCI protection required by the contract."

Incorrect→ CMMC Level 2focuses on CUI, not just FCI. While FCI protection is important, the assessment’s focus is onCUI security requirements, which arenot fully addressed by the provided artifacts.

D. "Ready because all DoD contractors are required to achieve CMMC Level 2; therefore, they are being proactive in seeking certification."

Incorrect→ While it is commendable that the OSC is being proactive,readiness is based on full compliance with NIST SP 800-171, not just intent.

Understanding the Official CUI RegistryTheControlled Unclassified Information (CUI) Registryis theauthoritative sourcefor all federal agencies'CUI categories and indices. It is maintained by theNational Archives and Records Administration (NARA)and provides:

✅Acomprehensive listof CUI categories and subcategories.

✅Details onwho can handle, store, and share CUI.

✅Guidance onCUI marking and safeguarding requirements.

TheOfficial CUI Registryis theonly federal resourcethat listsall CUI categories and agencies that use them.

32 CFR Section 2002(Option A) definesCUI policiesbut doesnotprovide a full listing of CUI categories.

Executive Order 13556(Option C) established theCUI Programbut doesnotmaintain an active list of categories.

The "Official CMMC Registry" (Option D) does not exist—CMMC is a security framework, not a CUI classification system.

Why "Official CUI Registry" is Correct?Breakdown of Answer ChoicesOption

Description

Correct?

A. 32 CFR Section 2002

❌Incorrect–Defines CUI program rules butdoes not listcategories.

B. Official CUI Registry

✅Correct – The registry contains the full list of CUI categories.

C. Executive Order 13556

❌Incorrect–Established the CUI program butdoes not maintain a category list.

D. Official CMMC Registry

❌Incorrect–No such registry exists; CMMC is a cybersecurity framework, not a CUI classification system.

National Archives (NARA) CUI Registry– The authoritative source forall federal agency CUI categories.

32 CFR 2002– Provides CUIpolicy guidancebut refers agencies to theOfficial CUI Registryfor classification.

Official References from CMMC 2.0 and Federal DocumentationFinal Verification and ConclusionThe correct answer isB. Official CUI Registry, as it is theonly official source listing all federal agencies' CUI indices and categories.

Understanding the CMMC Level 2 Final Report RequirementsFor aCMMC Level 2 Assessment, theFinal CMMC Assessment Results Reportmust include:

Assessment findings for each practice

Final ratings (MET or NOT MET) for each practice

A detailed rationale for each practice rated as NOT MET

The CMMC Assessment Process (CAP) Guidestates that if a practice is markedNOT MET, theassessors must provide a rationale explaining why it failed.

This rationale helps theOSC understand what needs remediationand, if applicable, whether the deficiency can be addressed via aPlan of Action & Milestones (POA&M).

TheFinal Report serves as an official recordand must be submitted as part of theresults package.

A. Affirmation for each practice or control (Incorrect)

While the report includes aMET/NOT MET ratingfor each practice,affirmation is not a required component.

C. Suggested improvements for each failed practice (Incorrect)

Assessors do not provide recommendations for improvement—they only document findings and rationale.

Providing suggestions would create aconflict of interestperCMMC-AB Code of Professional Conduct.

D. Gaps or deltas due to any reciprocity model are recorded as met (Incorrect)

If an organization isleveraging reciprocity (e.g., FedRAMP, Joint Surveillance Voluntary Assessments), gapsmust still be documented—not automatically marked as "MET."

The correct answer isB. Documented rationale for each failed practice, as this is amandatory requirement in the Final CMMC Assessment Results Report.

Key References for a Lead Assessor in a CMMC AssessmentALead Assessorconducting aCMMC assessmentmust rely onofficial CMMC guidance documentsto evaluate whether anOrganization Seeking Certification (OSC)meets the required cybersecurity practices.

TheCMMC Assessment Guideprovidesdetailed descriptionsof eachpractice and processat the specificCMMC level being assessed.

It defines:✔Theassessment objectivesfor each practice.✔Therequired evidencefor compliance.✔Thescoring criteriato determine if a practice isMET or NOT MET.

Most Relevant Reference: CMMC Assessment Guide

A. DoD adequate security checklist for covered defense information → Incorrect

TheDoD adequate security checklistis related toDFARS 252.204-7012 compliance, butCMMC assessmentsfollow theCMMC Assessment Guide.

B. CMMC Model Overview as it provides assessment methods and objects → Incorrect

TheCMMC Model Overviewprovideshigh-level guidance, butdoes not contain specific assessment criteria.

C. Safeguarding requirements from FAR Clause 52.204-21 for a Level 2 Assessment → Incorrect

FAR 52.204-21is relevant toCMMC Level 1 (FCI protection), butCMMC Level 2 follows NIST SP 800-171and requiresCMMC Assessment Guidesfor validation.

D. Published CMMC Assessment Guide practice descriptions for the desired certification level → Correct

TheCMMC Assessment Guideis theofficial documentused to determine if anOSC meets the required security practices for certification.

Why is the Correct Answer "D. Published CMMC Assessment Guide practice descriptions for the desired certification level"?

CMMC Assessment Process (CAP) Document

Specifies thatLead Assessors must use the CMMC Assessment Guidefor official scoring.

CMMC Assessment Guide for Level 1 & Level 2

Providesdetailed descriptions, assessment methods, and scoring criteriafor each practice.

CMMC-AB Guidance for Certified Third-Party Assessment Organizations (C3PAOs)

Confirms thatCMMC assessments must follow the Assessment Guide, not general DoD security policies.

CMMC 2.0 References Supporting This Answer:

Final Answer:✔D. Published CMMC Assessment Guide practice descriptions for the desired certification level.

Understanding "Adequate Evidence" in the CMMC Assessment ProcessIn aCMMC assessment,adequate evidencerefers to the proof required to demonstrate that a specific cybersecurity practice has been implemented correctly. Evidence can come from:

Artifacts(e.g., security policies, system configurations, logs).

Interview responses(e.g., verbal confirmation from personnel about their responsibilities).

Demonstrations(e.g., showing how a security control is implemented in real time).

Testing(e.g., verifying technical security mechanisms such as multi-factor authentication).

Thegoalof evidence collection is to determinewhether a CMMC practice is met—not just whether the organization operates within the assessment scope.

A. Verify, based on an assessment and organizational scope → Incorrect

Theassessment scopedefineswhat is evaluated, but adequacy of evidence is based oncompliance with specific CMMC practices.

B. Verify, based on an assessment and organizational practice → Incorrect

CMMC assessments focus on cybersecurity practices defined in the CMMC framework, not just general organizational practices.

C. Determine if a given artifact, interview response, demonstration, or test meets the CMMC scope → Incorrect

Thescopedefines the assessment boundaries, but theassessment team's job is to confirm whether CMMC practices are satisfied.

D. Determine if a given artifact, interview response, demonstration, or test meets the CMMC practice → Correct

TheCMMC assessment process focuses on ensuring that required practices are implemented, making this the correct answer.

Why is the Correct Answer "Determine if a given artifact, interview response, demonstration, or test meets the CMMC practice" (D)?

CMMC Assessment Process (CAP) Document

Defines "adequate evidence" asproof that a CMMC practice has been correctly implemented.

CMMC 2.0 Assessment Criteria

Specifies that evidence must beevaluated against specific cybersecurity practices.

NIST SP 800-171A (Assessment Procedures for NIST SP 800-171)

Provides guidance on evaluating artifacts, interviews, demonstrations, and testing to confirm compliance with required practices.

CMMC 2.0 References Supporting this Answer:

Final Answer:✔D. Determine if a given artifact, interview response, demonstration, or test meets the CMMC practice.

Understanding High-Level Scoping in a CMMC AssessmentDuringHigh-Level Scoping, aCertified Third-Party Assessment Organization (C3PAO)determines thepeople, processes, and technologythat are within scope for theCMMC Level 1 or Level 2 assessment.

Supporting Organization/Unitsrefer to thespecific groups, departments, or teamsthat handleControlled Unclassified Information (CUI)orFederal Contract Information (FCI)and are responsible for applyingCMMC security practices.

These units aredirectly involved in the contract's executionand are included in the CMMC assessment scope.

Key Term: Supporting Organization/Units

A. Host Unit → Incorrect

This term is not used inCMMC assessment scoping.

B. Branch Office → Incorrect

Abranch officemay or may not be in scope; scoping is based onwhether the unit handles CUI or FCI, not its physical location.

C. Coordinating Unit → Incorrect

No official CMMC term refers to a "Coordinating Unit."

D. Supporting Organization/Units → Correct

This termcorrectly describes the entities that apply security controls for the contract and are within the CMMC assessment scope.

Why is the Correct Answer "D. Supporting Organization/Units"?

CMMC Scoping Guidance for Level 1 & Level 2 Assessments

DefinesSupporting Organization/Unitsasin-scope entities responsible for implementing cybersecurity controls.

CMMC Assessment Process (CAP) Document

Specifies that theC3PAO must identify and document the units responsible for security compliance.

DoD CMMC 2.0 Guidance on Scoping

Requires theassessment team to define the people, processes, and technology that fall within the scopeof the assessment.

CMMC 2.0 References Supporting This Answer:

Understanding the Role of NIST SP 800-171 in CMMCNIST Special Publication (SP)800-171is the definitive standard for protectingControlled Unclassified Information (CUI)innonfederal systems and organizations. It provides security requirements that organizations handling CUImust implementto protect sensitive government information.

This document isthe foundationofCMMC 2.0 Level 2compliance, which aligns directly withNIST SP 800-171 Rev. 2requirements.

Breakdown of Answer ChoicesNIST SP

Title

Relevance to CMMC

NIST SP 800-37

Risk Management Framework (RMF)

Focuses on risk assessment for federal agencies, not directly applicable to CUI in nonfederal systems.

NIST SP 800-53

Security and Privacy Controls for Federal Systems

Provides security controls forfederalinformation systems, not specifically tailored tononfederalorganizations handling CUI.

NIST SP 800-88

Guidelines for Media Sanitization

Covers secure data destruction and disposal, not overall CUI protection.

NIST SP 800-171

Protecting Controlled Unclassified Information in Nonfederal Systems and Organizations

✅Correct Answer – Directly addresses CUI protection in contractor systems.

Key Requirements from NIST SP 800-171The document outlines110 security controlsgrouped into14 families, including:

Access Control (AC)– Restrict access to authorized users.

Audit and Accountability (AU)– Maintain system logs and monitor activity.

Incident Response (IR)– Establish an incident response plan.

System and Communications Protection (SC)– Encrypt CUI in transit and at rest.

These controls serve as thebaseline requirementsfor organizations seekingCMMC Level 2 certificationto work withCUI.

CMMC 2.0 Level 2alignsdirectlywith NIST SP800-171 Rev. 2.

DoD contractors that handle CUImustcomply withall 110 controlsfrom NIST SP800-171.

Official Reference from CMMC 2.0 DocumentationFinal Verification and ConclusionThe correct answer isD. NIST SP 800-171, as this documentexplicitly definesthe cybersecurity requirements for protectingCUI in nonfederal systems and organizations.

Understanding the Principle of Least Functionality in the CM DomainTheConfiguration Management (CM) domainin CMMC 2.0 focuses on maintaining the security and integrity of an organization’s systems through controlled configurations and restrictions on system capabilities.

The principle ofLeast Functionalityrefers to limiting a system’s features, services, and applications to only those necessary for its intended purpose. This principle reduces the attack surface by minimizing unnecessary components that could be exploited by attackers.

CMMC Practice CM.L2-3.4.6 (Use Least Functionality)explicitly states:"Employ the principle of least functionality by configuring organizational systems to provide only essential capabilities."

Thegoalis to prevent unauthorized or unnecessary applications, services, and ports from running on the system.

Examples of Implementation:

Disabling unnecessary services, such as remote desktop access if not required.

Restricting software installation to approved applications.

Blocking unused network ports and protocols.

A. Least Privilege

This principle (associated with Access Control) ensures that users and processes have only the minimum level of access necessary to perform their jobs.

It is relevant to CMMC PracticeAC.L2-3.1.5 (Least Privilege)but does not define system capabilities.

B. Essential Concern

There is no officially recognized cybersecurity principle called "Essential Concern" in CMMC, NIST, or related frameworks.

D. Separation of Duties

This principle (covered under CMMCAC.L2-3.1.4) ensures that no single individual has unchecked control over critical functions, reducing the risk of fraud or abuse.

While important for security, it does not define essential system capabilities.

CMMC 2.0 Level 2 Assessment Guide – Configuration Management (CM) Domain

CM.L2-3.4.6 mandatesleast functionalityto enhance security by removing unnecessary features.

NIST SP 800-171 (which CMMC is based on) – Requirement 3.4.6

States:"Limit system functionality to only the essential capabilities required for organizational missions or business functions."

NIST SP 800-53 – Control CM-7 (Least Functionality)

Provides detailed recommendations on configuring systems to operate with only necessary features.

Justification for the Correct Answer: Least Functionality (C)Why Other Options Are IncorrectOfficial CMMC and NIST ReferencesConclusionTheprinciple of Least Functionality (C)is the basis for defining essential system capabilities in theConfiguration Management (CM) domainof CMMC 2.0. By applying this principle, organizations reduce security risks by ensuring that only the necessary functions, services, and applications are enabled.

CMMCLevel 1focuses onbasic cyber hygieneand includes17 practicesderived fromNIST SP 800-171 Rev. 2butonly covers the protection of Federal Contract Information (FCI)—not Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI).

UnlikeLevel 2, which aligns fully withNIST SP 800-171,Level 1 does not require third-party certificationand can beself-assessedby the organization.

Domains Covered in a Level 1 Self-AssessmentCMMC Level 1 practices fall underthree specific domains:

Access Control (AC)– Ensures that only authorized individuals can access FCI.

Physical Protection (PE)– Protects physical access to systems and facilities storing FCI.

Identification and Authentication (IA)– Verifies the identity of users accessing systems containing FCI.

These domains focus on foundational security controls necessary toprotect FCI from unauthorized access.

CMMC Model v2.0states thatLevel 1 includes only 17 practicesmapped toNIST SP 800-171requirements specific toAccess Control (AC), Physical Protection (PE), and Identification and Authentication (IA).

CMMC Assessment Guide, Level 1confirms thatRisk Management (RM) and Media Protection (MP) are not included in Level 1, as they pertain to more advanced security measures needed for handlingCUI (Level 2).

A. Access Control (AC), Risk Management (RM), and Media Protection (MP)→ Incorrect.Risk Management (RM) and Media Protection (MP) are Level 2 domains.

B. Risk Management (RM), Access Control (AC), and Physical Protection (PE)→ Incorrect.Risk Management (RM) is not part of Level 1.

C. Access Control (AC), Physical Protection (PE), and Identification and Authentication (IA)→Correct.These are thethree domains covered in CMMC Level 1 self-assessments.

D. Risk Management (RM), Media Protection (MP), and Identification and Authentication (IA)→ Incorrect.Risk Management (RM) and Media Protection (MP) are Level 2 domains.

Official CMMC 2.0 Documentation ReferencesBreakdown of Answer ChoicesConclusionThecorrect answer is C. Access Control (AC), Physical Protection (PE), and Identification and Authentication (IA), as these are theonly three domains included in a CMMC Level 1 Self-Assessmentaccording toCMMC 2.0 documentation and NIST SP 800-171 mapping.

CMMC 2.0 Model Overview – DoD Official Documentation

CMMC Assessment Guide, Level 1

NIST SP 800-171 Rev. 2 (Basic Security Requirements for FCI)

Reference Documents for Further Reading

TheCMMC Scoping Guide for Level 2outlines thatCUI assetsinclude systems, applications, and services thatstore, process, or transmitControlled Unclassified Information (CUI). These are the three core functions that defineCUI handlingwithin anOrganization Seeking Certification (OSC).

Step-by-Step Breakdown:✅1. CUI Assets Defined in CMMC

Stored:CUI is saved on hard drives, cloud storage, or databases.

Processed:CUI is actively used, modified, or analyzed by applications and users.

Transmitted:CUI is sent between systems via email, file transfers, or network communication.

✅2. Why the Other Answer Choices Are Incorrect:

(A) Received and transferred❌

Whilereceiving and transferring CUIis part of handling CUI, it does not fully cover all CUI asset responsibilities.

(C) Entered, edited, manipulated, printed, and viewed❌

These arespecific actionswithinprocessingbut do not coverstorage or transmission, which are also required for CMMC scoping.

(D) Located on electronic media, on system component memory, and on paper❌

While CUI can exist inelectronic and physical forms, CMMC scoping focuses onhow CUI is actively managed (stored, processed, transmitted)rather than where it physically resides.

TheCMMC Level 2 Scoping Guideconfirms thatCUI Assets are categorized based on their role in storing, processing, or transmitting CUI.

NIST SP 800-171also defines these three functions as key components of CUI protection.

Final Validation from CMMC Documentation:

CMMC Level 1applies toFederal Contract Information (FCI)systems.

Any system or device that is connected to an FCI-handling network is within the assessment scopebecause it canintroduce vulnerabilitiesinto the environment.

TheWi-Fi-enabled thermostat is connected to the FCI network, meaning it haspotential accessto sensitive contract-related data.

PerCMMC Scoping Guidance, this type of device is classified as aRestricted Information System (Restricted IS)—devices that do not store, process, or transmit FCI but areconnected to networks that do.

Restricted IS must be accounted for in the self-assessment scope to ensure they do not compromise security controls.

TheCMMC 2.0 framework applies to nonfederal systemsthat process, store, or transmitCUI.

Scoping determineswhich system components must comply with CMMC practices.

If a systemprocesses, stores, or transmits CUI, orprovides security for those systems, itmust be included in the assessment scope.

CMMC Applies to Contractors, Not Federal Systems

CMMC isdesigned for Department of Defense (DoD) contractors, notfederal systems.

Federal systems arealready governed by NIST SP 800-53and other regulations.

Scope Includes Systems That Process CUI AND Those That Protect Them

Systemsprocessing, storing, or transmitting CUIare in scope.

Systems thatprovide protection for CUI systems(e.g., firewalls, monitoring tools, security appliances) arealso in scope.

A. Federal systems that process, store, or transmit CUI.→Incorrect

CMMCdoes not apply to federal systems.

B. Nonfederal systems that process, store, or transmit CUI.→Partially correct but incomplete

Itexcludes security systemsthat protect CUI assets, whichare also in scope.

C. Federal systems that process, store, or transmit CUI, or that provide protection for the system components.→Incorrect

CMMConly applies to nonfederal systems.

CMMC Scoping Guide (Nov 2021)– Confirms that CMMCapplies to nonfederal systemsprocessingCUI.

NIST SP 800-171 Rev. 2– Specifies security requirements fornonfederal systemshandling CUI.

DFARS 252.204-7012– Requires DoD contractors to implementNIST SP 800-171onnonfederal systemshandling CUI.

Understanding Scoping in CMMC 2.0Why the Correct Answer is "D. Nonfederal systems that process, store, or transmit CUI, or that provide protection for the system components"?Why Not the Other Options?Relevant CMMC 2.0 References:Final Justification:SinceCMMC applies to nonfederal systems that process CUI or protect those systems, the correct answer isD. Nonfederal systems that process, store, or transmit CUI, or that provide protection for the system components.

What Happens in Phase 4 of the CMMC Assessment Process?Phase 4 of theCMMC Assessment Process (CAP)is theFinal Reporting and Decision Phase. During this phase, theLead Assessormust:

Review all assessment findings

Determine the Organization Seeking Certification’s (OSC) eligibility for certification

Make a recommendation to the C3PAO (Certified Third-Party Assessment Organization)

Ensure that the OSC hasmet the required practices and processes.

Confirm that anydeficiencieshave been corrected or appropriately documented.

Recommendwhether the OSC is eligible for certificationbased on assessment results.

Key Responsibilities of the Lead Assessor in Phase 4:Since theLead Assessor must determine and recommend the OSC’s eligibilityto the C3PAO, the correct answer isB. Eligibility.

A. Ability❌Incorrect. While assessing an OSC’s ability to meet CMMC requirements is part of the process, the final determination in Phase 4 is abouteligibilityfor certification.

C. Capability❌Incorrect. Capability refers to an organization'stechnical and operational readiness. The Lead Assessor is making a recommendation oneligibility, not just capability.

D. Suitability❌Incorrect. Suitability is not a defined term in theCMMC CAP processfor final assessment recommendations. The correct term iseligibility.

Why the Other Answers Are Incorrect

CMMC Assessment Process (CAP) Document– Specifies that the Lead Assessor must determine and recommend theeligibilityof the OSC in Phase 4.

CMMC 2.0 Model– Defines the assessment process, including certification decision-making.

CMMC Official ReferencesThus,option B (Eligibility) is the correct answer, as per official CMMC guidance.

Understanding Federal Contract Information (FCI) and Publicly Accessible InformationFederal Contract Information (FCI)isnon-public informationprovided by or generated for the U.S. governmentunder a contractthat isnot intended for public release.

Key Characteristics of FCI:✔FCI includesdetails related togovernment contracts, project specifics, and performance data.

✔It must be protected under FAR 52.204-21, which requiresbasic safeguarding measuresto prevent unauthorized access.

✔Posting FCI on a public site is a security violationsince it ismeant to be restrictedfrom public disclosure.

A. FCI → Correct

FCI must be protected from unauthorized access, and if it wasincorrectly published online, it should have been restricted.

B. Change of leadership in the organization → Incorrect

Leadership changes are typically public informationand do not require restriction unless they involve sensitive government-related security clearances.

C. Launching of their new business service line → Incorrect

Marketing and business announcementsare generallypublicly availableandnot restricted information.

D. Public releases identifying major deals signed with commercial entities → Incorrect

Commercial contracts and business deals are not considered FCIunless they involvegovernment contracts.

Why is the Correct Answer "A. FCI (Federal Contract Information)"?

FAR 52.204-21 (Basic Safeguarding of Covered Contractor Information Systems)

DefinesFCI as sensitive but unclassified informationthat must beprotected from public disclosure.

CMMC 2.0 Level 1 Requirements

Requires contractors toprotect FCI under basic cybersecurity standardsto prevent unauthorized exposure.

DoD Guidance on FCI Protection

States thatpublishing FCI on public websites violates federal cybersecurity requirements.

CMMC 2.0 References Supporting This Answer:

Understanding Specialized Assets in CMMCASpecialized Assetis defined asa system, device, or infrastructure component that is not a traditional IT system but still plays a role in cybersecurity or business operations.

Types of Specialized Assets (as per CMMC guidance):✔Operational Technology (OT)– Industrial control systems, SCADA systems.

✔Security Operations Centers (SOCs)– Dedicated cybersecurity monitoring and response centers.

✔IoT Devices– Smart sensors, embedded systems.

✔Restricted IT Systems– Systems with highly controlled access.

A. SOCs → Correct

Security Operations Centers (SOCs) are specialized cybersecurity environmentsused forthreat monitoring, detection, and response.

They oftenoperate outside standard IT infrastructureand are classified asspecialized assetsunder CMMC.

B. Hosted VPN services → Incorrect

VPN services are standard IT infrastructureanddo not qualify as specialized assets.

C. Consultants who provide cybersecurity services → Incorrect

Consultants are personnel, not specialized assets. Specialized assets refer tosystems, devices, or infrastructure.

D. All property owned or leased by the government → Incorrect

Government property is not automatically considered a specialized assetunder CMMC. Specialized assets refer tospecific IT or cybersecurity-related infrastructure.

Why is the Correct Answer "SOCs" (A)?

CMMC 2.0 Assessment Process (CAP) Document

DefinesSpecialized Assetsand includesSOCsin its examples.

CMMC-AB Guidelines

Listssecurity infrastructure like SOCsasSpecialized Assetsdue to their unique cybersecurity function.

NIST SP 800-171 & CMMC 2.0 Security Domains

Recognizesdedicated security monitoring environmentsas part of an organization's cybersecurity posture.

CMMC 2.0 References Supporting This Answer:

Final Answer:✔A. SOCs (Security Operations Centers)

The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) serves as the authoritative body overseeing the Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI) program within the United States federal government. NARA maintains the CUI Registry, which is the definitive resource for all categories, subcategories, and associated markings of CUI. This registry provides comprehensive guidance on the identification and handling of CUI, ensuring standardized practices across federal agencies and their contractors.

The other options are delineated as follows:

CMMC-AB:The Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification Accreditation Body is responsible for overseeing the CMMC program but does not manage CUI classifications.

DoD Contractors FAQ:While it may offer guidance to Department of Defense contractors, it is not an authoritative source for CUI data classifications.

OSC's privacy policies:An Organization Seeking Certification's internal policies pertain to its own data handling practices and are not authoritative for CUI classifications.

Therefore, for authoritative information on CUI data classifications, the NARA's CUI Registry is the appropriate resource.

Understanding Affirmations in a CMMC AssessmentAffirmations are a type ofevidencecollected during aCMMC assessmentto confirm compliance with required practices. Affirmations are typically collected from:

✅Interviews– Conversations with personnel implementing security practices.

✅Demonstrations– Observing the practice in action.

✅Emails and Messaging– Written communications confirming compliance efforts.

✅Presentations– Documents or briefings explaining security implementations.

✅Screenshots–Visual evidenceof system configurations and security measures.

TheCMMC Assessment Process (CAP) Guidestates that assessors may collectaffirmations via various communication methods, including emails, messaging, and presentations.

Screenshotsare an additional valid form ofobjective evidenceto confirm compliance.

Options A and B are incorrectbecause emails and messaging are explicitlyallowedforms of affirmation.

Option C is incompletebecause it does not mention screenshots, which are also considered valid evidence.

Why "Yes, the affirmations collected by the assessor are all appropriate, as are screenshots" is Correct?Breakdown of Answer ChoicesOption

Description

Correct?

A. No, emails are not appropriate affirmations.

❌Incorrect–Emailsarea valid affirmation method.

B. No, messaging is not an appropriate affirmation.

❌Incorrect–Messagingisallowed for collecting affirmations.

C. Yes, the affirmations collected by the assessor are all appropriate.

❌Incorrect–Screenshots should also be considered valid evidence.

D. Yes, the affirmations collected by the assessor are all appropriate, as are screenshots.

✅Correct – Screenshots are also a valid form of affirmation.

CMMC Assessment Process Guide (CAP)– Defines allowable evidence collection methods, including affirmations through written communication.

Official References from CMMC 2.0 DocumentationFinal Verification and ConclusionThe correct answer isD. Yes, the affirmations collected by the assessor are all appropriate, as are screenshots.This aligns withCMMC 2.0 assessment proceduresfor collecting affirmations.

Understanding the "Examine" Assessment Method in CMMC 2.0CMMC 2.0 usesthree assessment methodsto evaluate security compliance:

Examine– Reviewing, inspecting, observing, studying, or analyzing assessment objects (e.g., policies, system documentation).

Interview– Speaking with personnel to verify knowledge and responsibilities.

Test– Performing technical validation to check system configurations.

TheCMMC Assessment Process (CAP)definesExamineas the method used toreview or analyze assessment objects, such as policies, procedures, configurations, and logs.

Relevant CMMC 2.0 Reference:

A. Test → Incorrect

"Test" involvesexecutinga function to validate its security (e.g., verifying access controls through a live system test).

B. Assess → Incorrect

"Assess" is a broad term; CMMC explicitly defines "Examine" as the method for reviewing documentation.

C. Examine → Correct

"Examine" is the official term forreviewing policies, procedures, configurations, or logs.

D. Interview → Incorrect

"Interview" involvesverbal discussions with personnel, not document analysis.

Why is the Correct Answer "Examine" (C)?

CMMC Assessment Process (CAP) Document

Defines "Examine" asanalyzing assessment objects (e.g., policies, procedures, logs, documentation).

NIST SP 800-171A

Specifies "Examine" as a method toreview security controls and configurations.

CMMC 2.0 References Supporting this Answer:

During aCMMC readiness review, anOrganization Seeking Certification (OSC)may argue that a specificenclave (network segment or system) is out of scopefor assessment. TheLead Assessor is responsible for verifying and approving this request.

Certified CMMC Professional (CCP)

A CCP supports OSCs inpreparing for assessmentsbutdoes not make final scope determinations.

Certified Third-Party Assessment Organization (C3PAO)

The C3PAOoversees the assessmentbut doesnot personally verify scope exclusions—that falls under theLead Assessor’s role.

Lead Assessor (Correct Answer)

TheLead Assessor has the authorityto determine if anenclave is out of scopebased on OSC-provided evidence.

The Lead Assessor followsCMMC Assessment Process (CAP) guidelinesto ensure proper scoping.

Advisory Board

TheCMMC-AB (Advisory Board) does not make scope determinations. It focuses onprogram oversightandcertification processes.

CMMC Assessment Process (CAP) v1.0

TheLead Assessor is responsible for confirming the assessment scopeand determining enclave applicability.

CMMC Scoping Guidance for Level 2 Assessments

Requires theLead Assessor to review and approve any enclave exclusionsbefore finalizing the assessment scope.

Roles and Responsibilities in CMMC Assessments:Official References Supporting the Correct Answer:Conclusion:TheLead Assessoris the correct answer because they have the authority to verify scope determinations during the assessment.

✅Correct Answer: C. Lead Assessor

Best Practices for Handling Sensitive Assessment InformationCMMC assessments involve handlingsensitive and potentially CUI-related documents. Assessors must follow strictsecurity policiesto avoid unauthorized access, data leaks, or non-compliance withCMMC 2.0 and NIST SP 800-171 requirements.

Why Logging into the Client VPN on the Client Laptop is the Best Approach:

Ensures Data Protection:The client laptop is likely configured to meet security controls required for handling assessment-related materials.

Prevents Data Spillage:Keeping all assessment-related activities within the client’s secured environment reduces the risk ofdata leakage or unauthorized storage.

Maintains Compliance with CMMC/NIST Guidelines:Using aproperly configured client laptop and secured connectionensures compliance withNIST SP 800-171 controls on secure remote access(Requirement3.13.12).

A. "Log into the secure cloud storage service to save copies of the documents on both the work and client laptops."

Incorrect→Sensitive data should not be duplicated across multiple systems, especially a non-client-approved laptop. Storing it on an unauthorized systemviolates data handling best practices.

C. "Log into the client VPN from the assessor's laptop and retrieve the documents from the secure cloud storage service."

Incorrect→ Theassessor’s laptop may not be authorizedorsecuredto handle client data. CMMC guidelines emphasizeusing approved, secured systemsfor assessment-related information.

D. "Use their home office workstation to retrieve the documents from the secure cloud storage service and save them to a USB stick."

Incorrect→

Transferring sensitive documents via USBintroduces security risks, including unauthorized data storage and potential malware contamination.

Home office workstationsare unlikely to be authorized for handling CMMC-sensitive data.

Understanding the Role of a Registered Provider Organization (RPO)ARegistered Provider Organization (RPO)is an entity recognized by theCMMC Accreditation Body (CMMC-AB)to provideconsulting servicesto organizations seekingCMMC certification.

Key Functions of an RPO✅Consulting servicesto help companies prepare for CMMC assessments.

✅Guidance on security controlsrequired for compliance.

✅Assistance with documentation, policy development, and gap analysis.

✅Preparation for third-party CMMC assessmentsbutdoes not conduct official CMMC assessments(this is the role of a C3PAO).

Consulting servicesare thebroadest and most comprehensivefunction of an RPO.

RPOs do not conduct assessments(eliminating option D).

Training and educationmay be part of consulting but arenot the primary function(eliminating A and B).

Consulting includes training, guidance, documentation assistance, and security readiness, making it themost comprehensive service offered.

Why "Consulting Services" is the Correct Answer?Breakdown of Answer ChoicesOption

Description

Correct?

A. Training services

❌Incorrect–RPOs may provide training, but this isnot their primary function.

B. Education services

❌Incorrect–Similar to training, butnot the most comprehensive service.

C. Consulting services

✅Correct – The core function of an RPO is consulting, which includes various readiness services.

D. Assessment services

❌Incorrect–Only aC3PAO (Certified Third-Party Assessment Organization)can conductofficial CMMC assessments.

TheCMMC-AB RPO Programdefines an RPO as aconsulting organization that assists companies in preparing for CMMC certificationbutdoes not perform assessments.

Official References from CMMC 2.0 DocumentationFinal Verification and ConclusionThe correct answer isC. Consulting services, asRPOs primarily provide advisory and readiness supportto organizations preparing forCMMC compliance.

nderstanding Objectivity in CMMC-AB ActivitiesObjectivityin CMMC-AB activities refers to therequirement that assessors and C3PAOs remain impartial, unbiased, and free from conflicts of interestwhile conducting assessments and providing CMMC-related services.

Key Aspects of Objectivity in CMMC Assessments:✔No conflicts of interest—Assessors must not assess organizations they havefinancial, professional, or personal ties to.

✔Unbiased reporting—Findings must bebased solely on evidence, with no external influence.

✔Avoiding even the appearance of a conflict—If there isany perception of bias, it must be addressed.

A. Ensuring full disclosure → Incorrect

Full disclosure is importantbut doesnot define objectivity. Objectivity meansremaining neutral and free from conflicts.

B. Reporting results of CMMC services completely → Incorrect

Whileaccurate reporting is required,objectivity focuses on impartiality, not just completeness.

C. Avoiding the appearance of or actual, conflicts of interest → Correct

Objectivity in CMMC-AB activities is primarily about preventing bias and ensuring fair assessments.

Avoiding conflicts of interest ensures thatassessments are credible and trustworthy.

D. Demonstrating integrity in the use of materials as described in policy → Incorrect

Integrity is important, butobjectivity is specifically about avoiding bias and conflicts of interest.

Why is the Correct Answer "C. Avoiding the appearance of or actual, conflicts of interest"?

CMMC-AB Code of Professional Conduct

Requiresassessors and C3PAOs to avoid conflicts of interestand maintainimpartiality.

CMMC Assessment Process (CAP) Document

Emphasizes that assessments must befree from external influence and conflicts of interest.

ISO/IEC 17020 Requirements for Inspection Bodies

Definesobjectivity as avoiding conflicts of interest in the assessment process.

CMMC 2.0 References Supporting This Answer:

Who Has the Final Authority Over Assessment Results?During aCMMC Level 2 assessment, theCertified Third-Party Assessment Organization (C3PAO)is responsible for conducting and finalizing the assessment results.

Key Responsibilities of a C3PAO✅Leads the assessmentand ensures it follows the CMMC Assessment Process (CAP).

✅Validates compliancewith CMMC Level 2 requirements based onNIST SP 800-171controls.

✅Finalizes the assessment resultsand submits them to theCMMC-ABand theDoD.

✅Handles disagreementsfrom the OSC but hasfinal decision-making authorityon results.

The C3PAO has final authority over the assessment resultsafter considering all evidence and findings.

TheCMMC-AB (Option B) does not finalize assessments—it accredits C3PAOs and manages the certification ecosystem.

TheAssessment Team (Option C) supports the C3PAO but does not have final decision authority.

TheAssessment Sponsor (Option D) is a representative from the OSC and does not control the results.

Why "C3PAO" is Correct?Breakdown of Answer ChoicesOption

Description

Correct?

A. C3PAO

✅Correct – C3PAOs finalize and submit assessment results.

B. CMMC-AB

❌Incorrect–The CMMC-AB accredits C3PAOs but doesnot finalize results.

C. Assessment Team

❌Incorrect–They conduct the assessment, but the C3PAO makes final decisions.

D. Assessment Sponsor

❌Incorrect–This is arepresentative of the OSC, not the assessment authority.

CMMC Assessment Process Guide (CAP)– DefinesC3PAO authorityover final assessment results.

Official References from CMMC 2.0 DocumentationFinal Verification and ConclusionThe correct answer isA. C3PAO, as theC3PAO has final decision-making authority over CMMC assessment results.

Who Verifies the Adequacy and Sufficiency of Evidence?In the CMMC assessment process, it is theAssessment Teamthat is responsible for verifying whether thepractices and related componentshave been met for each in-scopeHost Unit, Supporting Organization/Unit, or enclave.

TheCMMC Assessment Teamis composed of certified assessors and led by aCertified CMMC Assessor (CCA). Their primary role is to:

Review evidenceprovided by theOrganization Seeking Certification (OSC).

Determine compliancewith required CMMC practices and processes.

Evaluate the sufficiencyof evidence to confirm that all required practices have been properly implemented.

Document and report findingsto the CMMC Accreditation Body (CMMC-AB).

Breakdown of Answer ChoicesOption

Description

Correct?

A. OSC (Organization Seeking Certification)

The OSC provides documentation and evidence but doesnotverify its adequacy.

❌Incorrect

B. Assessment Team

✅Responsible for verifying the adequacy and sufficiency of evidence.

✅Correct

C. Authorizing Official

Typically refers to an official responsible for system accreditation underNIST RMF, not CMMC.

❌Incorrect

D. Assessment Official

Not a defined role in the CMMC framework.

❌Incorrect

TheCMMC Assessment Process Guide(CAP) outlines theAssessment Team'sresponsibility in verifying evidence.

TheCMMC Assessment Teamevaluates whether theorganization's cybersecurity practices meet CMMC requirements.

Official Reference from CMMC 2.0 DocumentationFinal Verification and ConclusionThe correct answer isB. Assessment Team, as per CMMC 2.0 documentation and official assessment processes.

Understanding CUI Protection ResponsibilitiesControlled Unclassified Information (CUI)is sensitive butnot classifiedinformation that requires protection underDoD Instruction 5200.48andDFARS 252.204-7012.

Theprimary responsibilityfor handling CUIis safeguardingit against unauthorized access, disclosure, or modification.

TheCUI Program (as per NARA and DoD)mandatessafeguarding measuresto protectCUI in both digital and physical forms.

CMMC 2.0 Level 2 (Advanced) practices align with NIST SP 800-171, which focuses on safeguarding CUIthrough access controls, encryption, and monitoring.

DFARS 252.204-7012requires DoD contractors to implementcybersecurity safeguardsto protect CUI.

A. Shielding (Incorrect)–Shieldingis not a cybersecurity term associated with CUI protection.

B. Governing (Incorrect)–Governing refers to policy-making, not direct protection.

C. Correcting (Incorrect)–Correcting implies remediation, but the primary responsibility is tosafeguardCUI proactively.

The correct answer isD. Safeguarding, asCUI protection focuses on implementing cybersecurity safeguards.

Understanding the Media Protection (MP) DomainTheMedia Protection (MP) domaininCMMC 2.0focuses on the security requirements needed to handlephysical or digital mediacontainingControlled Unclassified Information (CUI).

This domain includes controls for:

Protecting digital and physical mediathat store CUI.

Sanitizing and destroying mediabefore disposal or reuse.

Restricting access to CUI mediato authorized personnel only.

TheMP domaindirectly addresses the requirements for handlingCUI media, includingencryption, access control, storage, and disposal.

CMMC 2.0Level 2aligns withNIST SP 800-171, which includesMP controlsfor managing media containing CUI.

B. Physical Protection (PE)→Incorrect

PEfocuses onphysical security(e.g., facility access, visitor logs, physical barriers),not the handling of CUI on media.

C. System and Information Integrity (SI)→Incorrect

SIdeals withsystem monitoring, vulnerability management, and incident response, not media protection.

D. System and Communications Protection (SC)→Incorrect

SCcoversnetwork security, encryption, and secure communications, but does not specifically focus on media handling.

CMMC Level 2 Practice MP.3.125– Protects CUI by ensuring proper handling ofmedia containing CUI.

NIST SP 800-171 (MP Family)– Establishes security requirements for handlingdigital and physical mediacontaining CUI.

CMMC Scoping Guide (Nov 2021)– ConfirmsMP controls apply to all media that store, process, or transmit CUI.

Why the Correct Answer is "A. Media Protection (MP)"?Why Not the Other Options?Relevant CMMC 2.0 References:Final Justification:SinceMedia Protection (MP) directly addresses the handling of assets containing CUI, the correct answer isA. Media Protection (MP).

Understanding the Assessment Results Package SubmissionAfter completing aCMMC Level 2 Assessment, theCertified Third-Party Assessment Organization (C3PAO)mustsubmit the final assessment results packageto theEnterprise Mission Assurance Support Service (eMASS)system.

TheFinal Reportis themandatory documentthatcontains all assessment details, findings, and scoring.

It serves as theofficial record of the assessmentanddetermines certification eligibility.

Key Required Document: Final Report

A. Final Report → Correct

TheFinal Report is requiredin the submission package todocument assessment results officially.

It includes asummary of findings, scoring, and recommendations.

B. Certification rating → Incorrect

The C3PAO does not issue certification ratings—theDoDandCMMC-ABdetermine certification status after reviewing the Final Report.

C. Summary-level findings → Incorrect

While the Final Reportincludessummary findings, astandalone summary-level findings document is not a required upload.

D. All Daily Checkpoint logs → Incorrect

Checkpoint logsare part of the internal assessment process butare not required in the final eMASS submission.

Why is the Correct Answer "Final Report" (A)?

CMMC Assessment Process (CAP) Document

Specifies that theFinal Report must be submitted to eMASSafter a Level 2 assessment.

CMMC-AB Guidelines for C3PAOs

States that theFinal Report is the key document used to determine certification status.

DFARS 252.204-7021 (CMMC Requirements Clause)

Requires the assessment results to be documented in an official report and submitted via eMASS.

CMMC 2.0 References Supporting This Answer:

Final Answer:✔A. Final Report

Understanding Asset Categorization in CMMC 2.0InCMMC 2.0, assets are categorized into different types based on their function, connectivity, and whether they process, store, or transmitFederal Contract Information (FCI) or Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI).

TheCMMC 2.0 Scoping GuidedefinesSpecialized Assetsas assetsthat do not fit traditional IT classificationsbut still exist within the organizational environment.

Asmart thermostatis anInternet of Things (IoT) device, which falls underSpecialized Assetsas defined in CMMC.

A. FCI Asset (Incorrect)

FCI Assets process, store, or transmit Federal Contract Information, which asmart thermostat does not.

B. CUI Asset (Incorrect)

CUI Assets handle Controlled Unclassified Information, and athermostat does not process CUI.

C. In-scope Asset (Incorrect)

In-scope Assets include FCI and CUI assets, which asmart thermostat does not qualify as.

The correct answer isD. Specialized Asset, as asmart thermostat is an IoT device, which falls into theSpecialized Assetcategory.

Step 1: Understand the Definitions of Evidence Evaluation CriteriaTheCMMC Assessment Process (CAP)introduces two key criteria for evaluating evidence:

Adequacy– Does the evidencealign with the practice?

Sufficiency– Is the evidencecomprehensive enoughin terms ofcoverage across systems, users, and scope?

CAP v1.0 – Section 3.5.4:

“Evidence must be evaluated for bothadequacy(is it the right evidence?) andsufficiency(is there enough of it across all in-scope assets and areas?) to score a practice as MET.”

✅Step 2: Applying to the ScenarioIn the question, the Lead Assessor is asking the team toverify that evidence is sufficient across:

Domains

Practices

Host Units

Supporting Organizations

Enclaves

➡️ This is adirect reference to sufficiency, which evaluates whether thebreadth and depthof evidence is enough to make an informed judgment that the control is truly implemented across theentire assessed environment.

A. Adequacy✘ Adequacy refers to therelevanceof the evidence to the specific practice — not itscoverageacross scope.

B. Capability✘ Not a term used in evidence validation within CMMC CAP documentation.

D. Objectivity✘ While objectivity is important, it refers to theunbiased nature of assessment activities, not to theextent of evidence coverage.

❌Why the Other Options Are Incorrect

When an assessor evaluates whether the evidence is broad enough across all necessary systems, units, and enclaves to score a practice as MET, they are evaluatingsufficiency— one of the two core criteria for evidence validity in a CMMC assessment.