Nokia BL0-220 Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks Exam Practice Test

Network Service Orchestration is the process of managing the lifecycle of network services across multiple domains and technologies. It automates NFV service bydeploying, configuring, and scaling virtual network functions (VNFs) on demand. It is part of the 5G key enablers because it supports the dynamic and flexible provisioning of network slices and edge cloud applications. It does not increase operational complexity, but rather simplifies and optimizes it by using AI/ML and closed loop automation.

References:

• Nokia Bell Labs 5G Professional Certification - Distributed Cloud Networks | Nokia Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 4: Operating Your Cloud, slide 8
• Nokia Bell Labs 5G Certification Program - Courses | Nokia, Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 4: Operating Your Cloud

 The best option to complete the sentence is VNF Forwarding Graph. A VNF Forwarding Graph (VNF-FG) is a logical representation of a network service that consists of a set of interconnected Virtual Network Functions (VNFs) and the traffic flows between them1. The VNF-FG is used to orchestrate and manage traffic through VNFs by specifying the order and the requirements of the VNFs that need to be traversed by the traffic2. The VNF-FG also defines the connection points, virtual links, and network forwarding paths that are involved in the service delivery3. References: 1: VNF Forwarding Graph and Network Service-Beginner’s Guide, Introduction 2: A survey of VNF forwarding graph embedding in B5G/6G networks - Springer, Section 1 3: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach for VNF Forwarding Graph Embedding, Section I

Adaptability is the most critical benefit a cloud native deployment provides when deploying applications in complex and very low predictive environments. Cloud native applications are designed to be modular, scalable, resilient, and portable across different cloud platforms1. They can leverage the cloud features such as automation, orchestration, and service discovery to dynamically adjust to changing conditions and demands2. This enables them to cope with the complexity and unpredictability of the environments they operate in, such as edge computing, industrial automation, and smart cities3. Capability and reliability are also important benefits of cloud native deployment, but they are not the most critical ones. Capability refers to the ability to deliver high-performance and feature-rich applications that meet the user and businessneeds1. Reliability refers to the ability to ensure the availability and consistency of the applications despite failures or errors1. However, these benefits are not sufficient if the applications cannot adapt to the evolving and diverse scenarios they face in the real world. References: 1: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 2: Cloud Technologies and Features, Section 2.3: Cloud Native applications design 2: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 2: Cloud Technologies and Features, Section 2.5: Microservices and Containerization 3: Google Cloud, Nokia partner to accelerate cloud-native 5G3

The statement that best describes cloud native operations is cloud native provides operation adaptability. Cloud native operations are based on the principles of agility, resilience, and automation, which enable the cloud to adapt to changing demands and conditions12. Cloud native is not only operational by AI, nor does it rely only on network automation. AI and automation are tools that enhance the cloud native operations, but they are not the only factors that define them12. Cloud native design does not limit scalability, but rather enables it by using microservices, containers, and orchestration12. References: 1: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 4: Operating Your Cloud, slide 6 2: Nokia Bell Labs 5G Certification Program - Blended Learning, Section 2: Distributed Cloud Networks, slide 16

 The standardization of network functions provides well defined interfaces and defined functional elements. Well defined interfaces are the specifications that describe how network functions communicate and interact with each other and with other networkcomponents. Defined functional elements are the components that perform specific tasks or functions within the network. By standardizing these aspects, network functions can achieve interoperability, compatibility, and modularity, which are essential for building and deploying network services.

References:

• Nokia Bell Labs 5G Professional Certification - Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 3: Cloud Resource Planning, slide 13
• Module by Module - Self Study Note Guide, DC3.2– Network Function, page 13

 A fault detection event will trigger the auto-healing operation. Auto-healing is a feature of cloud networks that enables the automatic recovery of resources or services from failures or errors1. Fault detection is the process of identifying and locating faults in the network using various methods such as monitoring, logging, or testing2. When a fault is detected, the auto-healing operation will initiate the appropriate actions to restore the normal functioning of the network, such as restarting, repairing, or replacing the faulty components1. Threshold, warning message, and new status are not events that trigger the auto-healing operation. Threshold is a predefined value or limit that indicates the acceptable performance or behavior of a resource or service3. Warning message is a notification or alert that informs the user or operator about a potential problem or risk in the network4. New status is a change or update in the state or condition of a resource or service, such as active, inactive, or degraded.

References: 1: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 4: Operating Your Cloud, slide 9 2: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 4: Operating Your Cloud, slide 10 3: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 4: Operating Your Cloud, slide 11 4: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 4: Operating Your Cloud, slide 12 : Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 4: Operating Your Cloud, slide 13

Containers as a Service (CaaS) is the same as the E2E Orchestrator for VMs for containers. CaaS is a cloud service model that allows users to deploy and manage containerized applications on a cloud platform. CaaS provides the necessary infrastructure, orchestration, networking, and security for running containers. The E2E Orchestrator for VMs is a Nokia solution that provides similar capabilities for virtual machines (VMs). The E2E Orchestrator for VMs enables the creation, deployment, and management of VMs on a distributed cloud platform. It also supports network slicing, security, and automation features.

References:

• Nokia Bell Labs 5G Professional Certification - Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 2: Cloud Technologies and Features, slide 19
• Nokia Cloud Platform, paragraph 1
• Nokia Bell Labs End-to-End 5G Certification, page 4

The properties related to a public cloud are for users, there is no cloud infrastructure operation and easy scaling. A public cloud is a cloud service that is offered by a third-party provider over the public internet, and is available to anyone who wants to use or purchase it1. Users of public cloud do not need to operate or maintain the cloud infrastructure, as it is the responsibility of the cloud provider2. Public cloud also offers easy scaling, as users can quickly and dynamically provision or release resources according to their needs2. Public cloud is suitable for applications that have unpredictable or variable demand, or that do not require a high level of security or customization3. References: 1: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 1: Cloud Ecosystem, Section 1.1: Cloud Types 2: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 2: Cloud Technologies and Features, Section 2.1: Cloud Computing 3: Nokia and DISH to deploy first 5G standalone core network in the public cloud with AWS, Press Release

Software as a Service (SaaS) is a cloud computing offering that provides users with access to a vendor's cloud-based software. Users do not install applications on their local devices. Instead, the applications reside on a remote cloud network accessed through the web or an API. Within this context, Database-as-a-Service (DBaaS) is considered a form of SaaS, where the service provider manages the database's installation, maintenance, backup, and scaling needs on behalf of the customer. Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) provides a platform allowing customers to develop, run, and manage applications without dealing with the complexity of building and maintaining the infrastructure typically associated with developing and launching an app. PaaS can include various software components, including database management systems, and thus can be considered a subset of SaaS.

Security as a Service and Software as a Service are two examples of SaaS in a cloud deployment. Security as a Service is a model where security services such as firewall, antivirus, encryption, etc. are delivered over the Internet by a cloud provider1. Software as a Service is a model where software applications such as email, CRM, ERP, etc. are hosted and managed by a cloud provider and accessed by users over the Internet2. Stack as a Service and Service as a Service are not valid terms for SaaS in a cloud deployment. Stack as a Service is a typo for Stack Overflow, a popular online platform for developers3. Service as a Service is a redundant and meaningless term that does not describe any cloud service model4. References: 1: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 1: Cloud Ecosystem, Section 1.3: Cloud Service Models 2: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 1: Cloud Ecosystem, Section 1.3: Cloud Service Models 3: Stack Overflow 4: What is Service as a Service (SaaS)?

SaaS within cloud computing primarily stands for Software as a Service, which delivers software applications over the internet on a subscription basis. It allows users to connect to and use cloud-based apps over the Internet, such as email, calendaring, and office tools (like Microsoft Office 365). Security as a Service (SECaaS) is an outsourcing model for security management. Typically, businesses utilize this service for functions like anti-virus software, intrusion detection,and authentication. SECaaS is also considered a type of SaaS where security services are delivered remotely via the internet. Therefore, both Software as a Service and Security as a Service are correct answers, emphasizing the diversity of services provided through the SaaS model beyond just software applications.

Habana and EyeQ are two examples of AI hardware solutions that are designed to accelerate deep learning and computer vision applications. Habana is a company that produces AI processors for both training and inference workloads1. EyeQ is a family of system-on-chips (SoCs) developed by Mobileye for advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) and autonomous driving2. DataLake and Sparks are not AI hardware solutions. DataLake is a term that refers to a large-scale data storage architecture that can store structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data from various sources3. Sparks is a misspelling of Spark, which is an open-source distributed computing framework for large-scale data processing and machine learning4. References: 1: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 4: AI/ML in Cloud Networks, Section 4.2: AI Hardware 2: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 4: AI/ML in Cloud Networks, Section 4.2: AI Hardware 3: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 2: Cloud Technologies and Features, Section 2.4: Cloud Storage 4: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 4: AI/ML in Cloud Networks, Section 4.3: AI Software

 OCP stands for Open Compute Project, which is an initiative to design and enable the delivery of the most efficient server, storage and data center hardware designs for scalable computing1. OCP is the primary cloud infrastructure platform to develop, test and deliver Nokia’s core network applications and business applications, benefiting from its scalability, flexibility, and advanced orchestration capabilities2. OCP is also part of the Nokia Cloud Platform, which is a TCO optimized solution that combines OCP with Nokia’s reference hardware andblueprint architecture2. References: 1: Open Compute Project, Home Page 2: Nokia Cloud Platform,

Closed loop automation Comprehensive Explanation and References of Correct Answer: AI/ML based operation requires pre-defined policies, open APIs, and closed loop automation to enable intelligent and adaptive cloud management and orchestration. Pre-defined policies provide the rules and objectives for the cloud resources and services, such as performance, security, and cost. Open APIs allow the communication and integration of different cloud components and platforms, such as Nokia’s 5G Edge Slicing solution and Microsoft Azure edge and cloud. Closed loop automation enables the continuous monitoring, analysis, and optimization of the cloud ecosystem based on the feedback from the AI/ML algorithms.

References:

• Nokia Bell Labs 5G Professional Certification - Distributed Cloud Networks | Nokia Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 4: Operating Your Cloud, slide 7
• Nokia, A1 and Microsoft deploy industry’s first 5G edge cloud network slicing solution for enterprises | Nokia, paragraph 4

The most appropriate word to complete the sentence is benefits. The public cloud ecosystem offers many benefits to users, such as scalability, flexibility, cost-efficiency, and innovation12. Constraints, problems, and operability are not suitable words to describe the advantages of the public cloud ecosystem over the simple consumption of resources. References: 1: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 1: Cloud Ecosystem, slide 7 2: Nokia Bell Labs 5G Certification Program - Blended Learning, Section 2: Distributed Cloud Networks, slide 9

The main parameters of policy-based auto-scaling are threshold and min/max values. Threshold is the value of a metric that triggers the scaling action, such as CPU utilization or memory usage1. Min/max values are the minimum and maximum number of instances or resources that can be scaled up or down1. Priority and description are not parameters of policy-based auto-scaling. Priority is the order of execution of policies in case of conflicting or overlapping conditions2. Description is the optional text that provides additional information about the policy2. References: 1: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 4: Operating Your Cloud, slide 24 2: Nokia CloudBand Application Manager User Guide, Chapter 9: Scaling Policies, page 151

Multi-tenancy network connectivity provides dedicated resources through network slicing. Network slicing is a technique that allows operators to create multiple logical networks over a shared physical infrastructure. Each network slice can have its own characteristics, such as bandwidth, latency, security, and quality of service, to meet the specific requirements of different applications and customers. Network slicing enables operators to offer customized and differentiated services to various tenants, such as enterprises, industries, and public sector organizations, while optimizing the utilization of network resources. Network slicing is one of the key features of 5G networks, as it supports the diverse and dynamic use cases of 5G, such as enhanced mobile broadband, massive machine-type communications, and ultra-reliable low-latency communications. References: Nokia Bell Labs 5G Professional Certification - Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 4: Operating Your Cloud, Section 4.2: Network Slicing.

The properties related to a private cloud are high CAPEX and full control. CAPEX stands for capital expenditure, which is the money spent on acquiring or upgrading physical assets such as servers, storage, and network equipment. A private cloud requires high CAPEX because the cloud owner has to invest in building and maintaining the cloud infrastructure. Full control means that the cloud owner has the exclusive authority and responsibility over the cloud resources, security, and operations. A private cloud offers full control because the cloud owner can customize the cloud according to their specific needs and preferences, and can ensure the privacy and compliance of their data and applications. References: Nokia Cloud Platform, Module by Module - Self Study Note Guide

A data center manager is responsible for overseeing the operation, maintenance, and security of a data center, as well as planning and implementing changes and improvements1. To perform these tasks, a data center manager needs to have appropriate tools that can monitor, control, and automate the data center resources, such as servers, storage, network, power, cooling, etc.2. A data center manager also needs to enable people, such as data center staff, engineers, technicians, and customers, to access, use, and manage the data center services and applications3. Moreover, a data center manager needs to follow an effective process methodology that can ensure the quality, efficiency, and reliability of the data center operations, such as ITIL, DevOps, Agile, etc… References: 1: Data Center Manager: Roles, Responsibilities, and Skills, Introduction 2: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 4: Operating Your Cloud, Section 4.1: Industry Trends in Data Center Hardware 3: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 4: Operating Your Cloud, Section 4.2: Data Center Operations : Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 4: Operating Your Cloud, Section 4.3: Data Center Management Methodologies