Oracle 1z0-1084-25 Oracle Cloud Infrastructure 2025 Developer Professional Exam Practice Test

Explanation

The appropriate logging approach for services running in Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) Container Engine for Kubernetes (OKE) is: "All services log to standard output only." When running services in a containerized environment like OKE, it is recommended to follow the Twelve-Factor App methodology, which suggests treating logs as event streams. According to this methodology, services should write their log events to standard output (stdout) instead of writing to log files. By logging to standard output, the container runtime (such as Kubernetes) can collect and aggregate the logs generated by the services. These logs can then be accessed and managed through the container runtime's logging infrastructure. Logging to standard output offers several advantages in a containerized environment: Simplicity and consistency: Standardizing on logging to stdout ensures a consistent approach across different services, making it easier to manage and analyze logs. Log aggregation: The container runtime can collect the logs from all the running containers and provide centralized log management, allowing you to access and search logs from different services in one place. Scalability: Since logs are written to stdout, they can be easily handled by the container runtime's log management system, which can scale to handle large volumes of log data. Separation of concerns: By logging to stdout, the responsibility of managing log files and their rotation is shifted to the container runtime, allowing the services to focus on their core functionality. While it is possible to log to log files or external logging systems, the recommended approach in a containerized environment like OKE is to log to standard output and leverage the logging infrastructure provided by the container runtime.

Explanation

The correct answer is: "A unique OCID is automatically generated for each secret and remains unchanged even when creating a new secret version." The statement that is NOT valid about managing secrets in the OCI Vault service is: "A unique OCID is automatically generated for each secret and remains unchanged even when creating a new secret version." In OCI Vault, a secret is identified by its OCID (Oracle Cloud Identifier), which is a unique identifier for each resource in Oracle Cloud Infrastructure. However, when a new secret version is created for an existing secret, the OCID remains the same for the secret itself, but a new OCID is generated for the secret version. This allows you to track and manage different versions of a secret while maintaining a consistent OCID for the secret itself. The other statements mentioned are valid: You can manually create new secrets as well as new secret versions using the OCI Console. This means you have control over creating and managing secrets within the Vault service. A secret reuse rule prevents the use of secret contents across different versions of a secret. This ensures that each secret version maintains its own unique set of contents and avoids accidental reuse or sharing of secrets across versions. By default, new secret versions automatically expire in 90 days unless you configure an expiry rule. This helps enforce good security practices by automatically rotating secrets periodically, reducing the risk of unauthorized access in case of compromise. Therefore, the statement that is NOT valid is the one regarding the uniqueness and consistency of the OCID when creating new secret versions.

Explanation

The three technologies best suited for implementing a microservices-based application are: Service Mesh: A service mesh is a dedicated infrastructure layer that provides features like service discovery, load balancing, encryption, authentication, and observability for microservices. It helps in managing the communication and interactions between microservices in a scalable and secure manner. Kubernetes: Kubernetes is an open-source container orchestration platform that enables the deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications. It provides features like automated scaling, service discovery, load balancing, and self-healing capabilities, which are essential for managing microservices in a distributed environment. Docker: Docker is a popular containerization platform that allows packaging applications and their dependencies into lightweight containers. It provides a consistent and portable environment for running microservices, enabling easy deployment and scalability. Docker also facilitates isolation and resource efficiency, making it an ideal choice for deploying microservices. While Big Data, Anomaly Detection, and Terraform are valuable technologies, they are not specifically focused on enabling the implementation of microservices-based applications.

Explanation

The correct answer in this scenario is to use the OCI API Gateway service and configure rate limiting. Using the OCI API Gateway service and configuring rate limiting is an effective approach to address Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks. By implementing rate limiting, you can control the number of requests that can be made to your web service within a specific time frame. This helps to prevent overload and ensures that your service can handle legitimate traffic while mitigating the impact of DDoS attacks. By leveraging the OCI API Gateway service, you can easily configure rate limiting rules to restrict the number of requests per second or per minute. This allows you to set appropriate thresholds and safeguard your web service from being overwhelmed by excessive requests. The API Gateway acts as a protective layer, filtering out malicious traffic and ensuring the smooth operation of your service. While options like OCI Virtual Cloud Network (VCN) segregation and third-party service integrations may contribute to overall security, they do not specifically address DDoS attacks as efficiently as rate limiting. VCN segregation focuses more on network segmentation and isolation, while third-party service integration may introduce additional dependencies and complexities. Re-writing your web service and implementing rate limiting is a viable option, but it may not be feasible considering the time constraints mentioned. Leveraging the OCI API Gateway service provides a quicker and easier solution to implement DDoS attack mitigation through rate limiting.

Explanation

The correct answer is: "Multiple microservices can run in one process." The statement that is FALSE about microservices is: "Multiple microservices can run in one process." Microservices are designed to be independent and autonomous services that can be deployed, scaled, and managed separately. Each microservice typically runs as its own separate process. This separation allows for loose coupling and independent scalability of individual services. Running multiple microservices in a single process would violate the fundamental principle of microservices architecture, which emphasizes the isolation and independence of services. Combining multiple microservices into a single process would tightly couple them, making it difficult to independently manage, scale, and update each service. The other statements provided are true about microservices: It is fairly common for microservices to communicate with HTTP: Microservices often communicate with each other using lightweight protocols like HTTP/REST. This allows for interoperability, flexibility, and ease of communication between microservices. Microservices are typically designed around business capabilities: Microservices architecture advocates designing services based on specific business capabilities or functionalities. Each microservice focuses on a specific business domain or task, enabling modular and scalable development. They are independently deployable: Microservices are designed to be independently deployable units. This means that each microservice can be developed, tested, deployed, and updated separately without affecting other services. This flexibility allows for faster development cycles and more efficient scalability.

Explanation

The correct answer is: Invoke from the Docker CLI. Explanation: Executing a function deployed in Oracle Functions is typically done using the following options: Invoke from the Fn Project CLI: The Fn Project CLI provides a command-line interface specifically designed for interacting with Oracle Functions. You can use commands like fn invoke to invoke a function. Trigger by an event in the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) Events service: You can configure events in OCI to trigger your function based on various criteria, such as object storage events, resource state changes, or scheduled events. Invoke from the OCI CLI: The OCI CLI (Command Line Interface) allows you to interact with various services in Oracle Cloud Infrastructure, including Oracle Functions. You can use the fn invoke command to invoke a function. Send signed HTTP requests to the function's invoke endpoint: Oracle Functions provides an HTTP endpoint that can be used to invoke functions. You can send signed HTTP requests to this endpoint using tools or programming languages that support making HTTP requests. On the other hand, invoking a function deployed in Oracle Functions using the Docker CLI is not a valid option. The Docker CLI is primarily used for managing Docker containers and images, and it does not provide a direct mechanism for invoking functions in Oracle Functions.

Explanation

The two correct differences between continuous delivery and continuous deployment in the DevOps lifecycle are: Continuous delivery is a process that initiates deployment manually, while continuous deployment is based on automating the deployment process. In continuous delivery, the software is ready for deployment, but the decision to deploy is made manually by a human. On the other hand, continuous deployment automates the deployment process, and once the software passes all the necessary tests and quality checks, it is automatically deployed without human intervention. Continuous delivery involves automatic deployment to a development environment, while continuous deployment involves automatic deployment to a production environment. In continuous delivery, the software is automatically deployed to a development or staging environment for further testing and validation. However, the actual deployment to the production environment is performed manually. In continuous deployment, the software is automatically deployed to the production environment, eliminating the need for manual intervention in the deployment process. These differences highlight the level of automation and human involvement in the deployment process between continuous delivery and continuous deployment approaches in the DevOps lifecycle.

A pod is the smallest and simplest unit in the Kubernetes object model that you create or deploy2. A pod represents a single instance of a running process in your cluster. Pods contain one or more containers, such as Docker containers. When you create a pod, you define how much CPU and memory (RAM) each container needs. A pod can also include storage volumes, IP addresses, options that govern how the container(s) should run, and more2. Pods are the basic building blocks of larger Kubernetes constructs such as deployments, replica sets, and services2.

Explanation

To push a new image to the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) Registry, you would need to perform the following two actions: Assign a tag via Docker CLI to the image: Before pushing the image, you need to assign a tag to it using the Docker CLI. The tag helps identify the image and associate it with a specific version or label. Generate an auth token to complete the authentication via Docker CLI: To authenticate and authorize the push operation, you need to generate an auth token. This token is used to authenticate your Docker CLI with the OCI Registry, allowing you to push the image securely. Note: Generating an API signing key, assigning an OCI defined tag via OCI CLI, and generating an OCI tag namespace are not required steps for pushing a new image to the OCI Registry.

Explanation

To obtain a log file from one of the nodes in an Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) Container Engine for Kubernetes (OKE) cluster, you should SSH into the nodes using the private key. Here's the step-by-step process: Obtain the private key: The private key is required to authenticate and access the nodes in the OKE cluster. You should obtain the private key from your administrator or the appropriate key pair used to create the cluster. SSH into the node: Use a secure shell (SSH) client, such as OpenSSH, to connect to the desired node in the cluster. The SSH command typically includes the private key file path and the public IP address or hostname of the node. Example command: ssh -i opc@ Replace with the path to the private key file and with the public IP address of the node you want to access. Navigate to the log file location: Once you have successfully connected to the node, navigate to the directory where the log file is located. The exact location and name of the log file may vary depending on the Kubernetes distribution and configuration. Copy or view the log file: You can either copy the log file from the node to your local machine using the scp command or view the contents directly on the node using tools like cat or less. By following these steps, you will be able to access the log file from the desired node in the OKE cluster for troubleshooting purposes.

Idle-timeout is the parameter that is used to configure the time period during which an idle function will remain in memory before Oracle Functions removes its container image from memory2. The idle-timeout parameter is specified in seconds and can be set when creating or updating a function2. The default value for idle-timeout is 30 seconds and the maximum value is 900 seconds (15 minutes)2. If a function has the --provisioned-concurrency option enabled, the idle-timeout parameter is ignored and the function instances are always kept in memory3. Verified References: Creating Functions, Provisioned Concurrency

Explanation

The correct answer is: "A finely tuned piece of software that performs a single or small collection of tasks." Microservices are a software architectural approach where a system is decomposed into small, independent services that are responsible for performing a specific set of tasks. Each microservice is designed to be focused, finely tuned, and highly cohesive, handling a single or a small collection of related tasks. This granularity allows for better scalability, maintainability, and flexibility in building complex applications. The other options provided do not accurately define microservices: An open-source system for automating deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications refers to a container orchestration tool like Kubernetes, which can be used to manage microservices but is not a definition of microservices itself. A statically typed and compiled language describes a type of programming language characteristic and is not specific to the concept of microservices. An organized collection of structured information or data, typically stored electronically in a computer system is a definition of a database or data storage system and is unrelated to microservices.

Explanation

The correct answer is: Controlling access to the backend OCI resources. OCI API Gateway does not provide direct control over access to backend OCI resources. It primarily focuses on managing and securing access to APIs exposed through the gateway. The gateway acts as a front-end for APIs and provides features such as authentication, authorization, rate limiting, and CORS support. While you can configure authentication and authorization policies, limit the number of requests, and enable CORS support in OCI API Gateway, it does not directly control access to backend OCI resources. Access to backend resources is typically managed through other means, such as IAM policies, network security rules, or resource-specific access controls.

Explanation

The correct statements about deleting a Kubernetes cluster are: If you change the auto-generated name of a worker node and then delete the cluster, the renamed worker node is not deleted. Changing the name of a worker node does not affect its deletion when the cluster is deleted. The cluster deletion process does not consider the renamed worker nodes and will delete all worker nodes associated with the cluster. Upon deleting a cluster, no other resources created during the cluster creation process or associated with the cluster (such as VCNs, Internet Gateways, NAT Gateways, Route Tables, Security Lists, Load Balancers, and Block Volumes) are deleted automatically. These additional resources are not automatically deleted when the cluster is deleted. You need to manage the deletion of these resources separately, if desired. Therefore, the correct statements are that the renamed worker nodes are not deleted when the cluster is deleted, and other associated resources are not automatically deleted when the cluster is deleted.

To prevent images from being deleted from a repository, you can set the global policy of image retention to “Retain All Images”. This policy applies to all repositories in the tenancy and overrides any individual repository settings. You can also lock the policy to prevent any changes to it. Verified References: Using Retention Rules to Preserve Data

An Ingress Controller is a Kubernetes resource that provides advanced routing and load balancing for your applications running on a Kubernetes cluster1. An Ingress Controller allows you to define rules that specify how to route traffic to different services in your cluster based on the host name or path of the incoming request1. By deploying an Ingress Controller and using it to expose multiple application endpoints, you can achieve the following benefits1:

Cost-effectiveness: You only need to create one load balancer instance per cluster, instead of one per service, which reduces the cost of exposing your applications.

Simplicity: You only need to manage one set of routing rules for all your services, instead of configuring each service separately, which simplifies the application deployment and maintenance.

Flexibility: You can use different types of Ingress Controllers, such as NGINX or Traefik, that offer various features and customization options for your routing needs.

Explanation

To mandate image verification when deploying container images to Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) Container Engine for Kubernetes (OKE) clusters, you should enable image verification policies separately for each OKE cluster. This is enforced at the cluster level. Enabling image verification policies at the cluster level ensures that all container images deployed to the OKE cluster are automatically verified against the specified master encryption key (MEK). This helps maintain the security and integrity of the deployed microservices by ensuring that only signed and trusted container images are used. Enabling image verification policies at the cluster level allows for consistent and centralized enforcement of the verification process across all nodes and node pools within the cluster. It provides a standardized approach to image verification for the entire cluster, simplifying management and ensuring compliance with the organization's mandate. Enabling image verification policies separately for each node pool or at the pod level would introduce complexity and potential inconsistencies in the verification process. Therefore, enforcing image verification at the cluster level is the recommended approach.

Fn Project is the open source engine that is used by OCI to power Oracle Functions1. Fn Project is an open source, container native, serverless platform that can be run anywhere - any cloud or on-premises1. Fn Project is easy to use, extensible, and performant. You can download and install the open source distribution of Fn Project, develop and test a function locally, and then use the same tooling to deploy that function to Oracle Functions1. Verified References: Overview of Functions

Explanation

The maximum execution time of Oracle Functions is 300 seconds, which is equivalent to 5 minutes. This means that a function running within Oracle Functions cannot exceed a runtime of 5 minutes. If a function requires longer execution times, alternative approaches such as invoking external services asynchronously or using long-running processes should be considered. It is important to design functions with this execution time limitation in mind to ensure optimal performance and efficiency within the Oracle Functions platform.

To pull a Docker image from OCI Registry to the client machine, you need to use the docker pull command with the following syntax1: docker pull .ocir.io//: where:

is the key for the OCI Registry region you’re using. For example, iad. See Availability by Region1.

ocir.io is the OCI Registry name.

is the auto-generated Object Storage namespace string of the tenancy that owns the repository from which you want to pull the image (as shown on the Tenancy Information page)1.

is the name of the repository that contains the image you want to pull.

is the tag of the image you want to pull.

Explanation

The feature that is typically NOT associated with Cloud Native is "Application Servers." Cloud Native architecture emphasizes lightweight, scalable, and containerized deployments, which often replace traditional monolithic application servers. Instead of relying on application servers, Cloud Native applications are typically deployed as containerized microservices that can be orchestrated and managed using container orchestration platforms like Kubernetes. This approach enables greater flexibility, scalability, and agility in deploying and managing applications. While application servers have been widely used in traditional application architectures, they are not a characteristic feature of Cloud Native architectures. Cloud Native architectures focus on containerization, declarative APIs, immutable infrastructure, and service meshes to enable efficient and scalable deployment and management of applications.

Explanation

The term that describes developing microservices in different languages of choice is "Polyglot." In a polyglot architecture, each microservice is developed using the most appropriate programming language or technology stack for its specific requirements. This approach allows developers to leverage the strengths of different languages and frameworks, enabling them to use the most suitable tool for each microservice while still maintaining interoperability between services.

Explanation

The correct answer is: "Robust Deployment." When using test cases that simultaneously validate a deployment and perform a selected set of functional tasks, the testing measure that should be considered is "Robust Deployment." Robust Deployment refers to the ability of an application or system to be deployed reliably and consistently, without errors or failures. It involves ensuring that the deployment process is well-defined, automated, and able to handle different scenarios and configurations. When conducting testing that combines the validation of deployment and functional tasks, it is crucial to ensure that the deployment itself is robust. This means verifying that the application or system can be successfully deployed and configured without encountering deployment-related issues such as incorrect configurations, missing dependencies, or compatibility problems. By considering "Robust Deployment" as a testing measure, you can evaluate the reliability and effectiveness of the deployment process, ensuring that the application or system is deployed correctly and ready to perform the selected set of functional tasks.

Visibility timeout is the concept in OCI Queue that is responsible for hiding a message from other consumers for a predefined amount of time after it has been delivered to a consumer1. The visibility timeout can be set at the queue level when creating a queue, or it can be specified when consuming or updating messages1. If a consumer is having difficulty successfully processing a message, it can update the message to extend its invisibility1. If a message’s visibility timeout is not extended, and the consumer does not delete the message, it returns to the queue1. Verified References: Overview of Queue

Explanation

Oracle Functions does not currently support PL/SQL as a language for writing function code. PL/SQL is a procedural language used in Oracle Database for developing stored procedures, triggers, and other database-related code. However, Oracle Functions supports several other popular programming languages such as Go, Node.js, Python, and Java, allowing developers to choose the language that best suits their application requirements and their familiarity with the language. While PL/SQL is powerful for working with the Oracle Database, it is not an option for writing function code in the Oracle Functions serverless architecture.

Explanation

The correct command to rebuild the API docker image and tag it as OCIdevops/api:latest is: docker build -t OCIdevops/api:latest The docker build command is used to build a Docker image from a Dockerfile. The -t flag is used to specify the name and optionally a tag for the image. In this case, the name of the image is OCIdevops/api and the tag is latest. By running this command, the Docker image will be recreated based on the instructions in the Dockerfile and tagged with the specified name and tag.

Explanation

The correct answer is: "Create a self-signed certificate and its corresponding key. Create a Kubernetes secret using the certificate and the key. Then add these annotations to the Kubernetes service: annotations: service.beta.kubernetes.io/oci-load-balancer-ssl-ports: '443' service.beta.kubernetes.io/oci-load-balancer-tls-secret: ssl certificate-secret." To create a secure SSL termination for your microservices-based application running in an OCI Container Engine for Kubernetes (OKE) cluster, you can follow these steps: Create a self-signed certificate and its corresponding key: Generate a self-signed SSL certificate and its private key using a tool like OpenSSL. Create a Kubernetes secret: Create a Kubernetes secret using the certificate and key obtained in the previous step. This secret will securely store the certificate and key within the Kubernetes cluster. Add annotations to the Kubernetes service: Modify the Kubernetes service that exposes your application and add the following annotations to enable SSL termination: annotations: service.beta.kubernetes.io/oci-load-balancer-ssl-ports: '443' (specify the SSL port as 443) annotations: service.beta.kubernetes.io/oci-load-balancer-tls-secret: ssl certificate-secret (specify the name of the Kubernetes secret containing the certificate and key) By following these steps, you can create a secure SSL termination for your application using a self-signed certificate and Kubernetes secret. The annotations added to the Kubernetes service ensure that the SSL port is configured correctly and the TLS secret is utilized for SSL termination when traffic reaches the load balancer. The other options provided are not the most suitable approaches for achieving secure SSL termination in an OCI Container Engine for Kubernetes (OKE) cluster: Adding annotations related to the OCI load balancer SSL secret key is not the correct approach for SSL termination in this scenario. Using Let's Encrypt to generate a self-signed certificate and configuring it on the OCI Load Balancer is not necessary when you can create and manage the SSL certificate within the Kubernetes cluster using a Kubernetes secret.

Explanation

The correct answer is: Enable monitoring for all worker nodes in the cluster. Enabling monitoring for all worker nodes in the cluster is not required to collect and parse application logs using Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) Logging. Monitoring is a separate feature that allows you to collect metrics and monitor the health and performance of the worker nodes. To collect and parse application logs, you need to perform the following tasks: Set the OCI Logging option to Enabled for the cluster: This enables the OCI Logging service for the cluster. Create a dynamic group with a rule that includes all worker nodes in the cluster: This helps in targeting the logs generated by the worker nodes. Configure a custom log in OCI Logging with the appropriate agent configuration: This involves specifying the log source, log path, and log format to parse and collect the application logs. By completing these tasks, you can collect and parse the application logs generated by the applications running on the worker node compute instances in the OKE cluster.

Explanation

To dynamically make Kubernetes resources discoverable to public DNS servers, you can use ExternalDNS. ExternalDNS is a Kubernetes add-on that automates the management of DNS records for your Kubernetes services and ingresses. It can be configured to monitor the changes in your Kubernetes resources and automatically update DNS records in a supported DNS provider. By integrating ExternalDNS with your Kubernetes cluster, you can ensure that the DNS records for your services and ingresses are automatically created, updated, or deleted based on changes in your Kubernetes resources. This allows your Kubernetes resources to be discoverable by external systems through public DNS servers.

Explanation

The valid OKE cluster network configuration that meets the requirement of having the least attack surface while still allowing direct access to the deployed applications from the Internet is: Private subnets for nodes and the Kubernetes API endpoint; public subnets for load balancers. By placing the nodes and the Kubernetes API endpoint in private subnets, they are not directly accessible from the Internet, reducing the attack surface. The load balancers, on the other hand, are placed in public subnets, allowing them to be accessed from the Internet and serve as the entry point for accessing the deployed applications. This configuration ensures that the critical components of the cluster, such as the nodes and the API endpoint, are protected within the private network, while still providing accessibility to the applications through the load balancers. It helps to enhance security by limiting direct access to the internal components of the cluster while maintaining the availability of the deployed applications.